Qishan was called Xiqi in ancient times, and it was named after the two Qis on Jiankuoling Mountain. At the end of the 12th century BC, the Zhou tribe, led by Taiwang Gugong Danfu, fled from Rongdi, crossed Liangshan, crossed Qiju, and came to the foot of Qishan, which was later called Zhouyuan. After more than 100 years of management by King Ji, King Wen and King Wu, they overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Western Zhou Dynasty. After the enfeoffment, Qi belonged to the Zhou and Zhao countries in the royal capital and was directly governed by the Zhou Dynasty. In the fourth year of Tianhe of Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sanlong County was established, named after the mountain, and governed by Qiyang Town. In the 16th year of Kaihuang in the Sui Dynasty, Sanlong County was moved to 40 miles west (now Fengming Town), and renamed Qishan County to this day. There are 11 towns and 3 townships in the county, with a total area of 856.45 square kilometers and a population of 470,000. Qishan County is located in the Guanzhong Basin of Shaanxi Province and the western part of the Weibei Loess Plateau. It is located at 34073437 north latitude and 1073310755 east longitude, and has a warm temperate climate. The average annual temperature is 11.5, the precipitation is 625mm, and the frost-free period is 209 days. It is 146 kilometers east of Xi'an and 68 kilometers southwest of Baoji. The Longhai Railway crosses Caijiapo Town in this county. Wuzhangyuan under Taibai Mountain in the southern part of the county is an ancient battlefield during the Three Kingdoms period. It was the place where Wei and Shu fought and Zhuge Liang died. Later generations built Zhuge Temple for this reason. The land in the county is fertile and rich in products. The main products are winter wheat and rapeseed. "Zhouyuan has no moon and the violets are like Yi." Qishan County is located at the junction of the east and west, north and south of my country. It borders Qingyang area of Gansu Province in the north through Linyou County, Tianshui, Pingliang and Guyuan of Gansu in the west through Fengxiang and Long County, Sichuan in the south through Baoji, and Xi'an in the east. According to historical records, Qishan had official roads before the Shang Dynasty. During the Zhou and Qin dynasties, roads were well connected. During the period when Chang'an was the capital of China, it was the western gate of the capital, the only way to Hanzhong, Sichuan and Huguang in the south, the main passage to Gansu and Ningxia in the northwest, and an important post station on the ancient Silk Road. The ancients used "controlling Baoxiang in the south, reaching Yiliang in the west, Qiyong standing tall, and thousands of Wei competing for the flow" to describe the convenience of transportation and the importance of the geographical location at that time. The transportation that was developed in history but relatively backward in modern times constituted a special environment for the growth and inheritance of folk culture. The historical origin of Qishan drum drum is the first of the "eight sounds" in ancient my country. The development of drums in Qishan can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. The "Dawu" of the Zhou Dynasty was accompanied by drums, and the shape of war drums was also unearthed in the Terracotta Warriors of Qin Shihuang. As the birthplace of Zhou culture and ritual civilization, Qishan has good conditions for the inheritance and development of drum music here. The costumes, formations, playing methods and on-site atmosphere of the drum team can all feel the strong Zhou cultural atmosphere. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, drums were not only instruments for people's entertainment and sacrifice, but also orders to encourage soldiers to fight bravely on the battlefield, such as "beat the drums and march forward" and "beat the drums and horns together". During the Han and Tang Dynasties, Qishan drums were mainly based on the Chang'an drum music and the Western Zhou culture. They changed and developed continuously, gradually forming the prototype of Qishan drums. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, drums had formed a relatively systematic way of playing in Qishan, and there were folk drum organizations of a certain scale. In modern times, Qishan drums have developed rapidly and have experienced three development booms. In celebration of the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the national liberation, the establishment of the people's commune, and the reform and opening-up policy to enrich the people, the people of Qishan beat gongs and drums, and the whole world celebrated. The art of drums has been rapidly popularized and developed, and has the style of modern gongs and drums. Since the reform and opening up, leaders at the provincial, municipal and county levels have attached great importance to the development of Qishan drums, and have given care and support in terms of policies, personnel and technology. They have sent professionals to the countryside for guidance many times, held drum competitions, and promoted key drum teams to participate in various activities at the provincial, municipal and national levels, which has greatly improved the number and quality of Qishan drum teams. The art of drums has prospered unprecedentedly and has become a distinctive brand in Qishan's traditional culture and art. The basic content of Qishan drums Qishan drums were war drums in ancient times and used by the military. Later, artistic movements such as dance were added in the legend of successive generations. The drummers turned around the drums, and the whole audience turned around, forming today's "Qishan drums". The rotating drum is the most distinctive and attractive type of Qishan gong and drum. It is called "running drum" or "running rotating drum" by the people. It is adapted from the "two-hammer" and "three-hammer" playing methods of folk drum music and the characteristics of folk drum dance. After several generations of exploration and improvement, it has evolved into a percussion method. The drummers and cymbals players constantly change positions during the performance, interspersed with dance movements. The style is known for its rough, bold, passionate and majestic style. It is magnificent and shocking, giving people visual and auditory enjoyment and spiritual excitement. Playing method: Two-hammer: divided into two different sections with different drum beats. Three-hammer: each ring has different drum beats, and "three-hammer" is used at the end to push the atmosphere to a climax. Turning method: Two-person turn: two people beat around the drum. Four-person turn: four people beat around the drum. Everyone is spinning: The whole audience is spinning around the drum, with dance movements in between, which is unique. The drummers' movements include running, jumping, hitting, wiping, whipping, horse stance, etc. The performance rhythm is more lively, the momentum is more magnificent, and the sound is thunderous and resounding for thousands of miles, which constitutes the unique style and charm of the Qishan drum. The basic characteristics of the Qishan drum The Qishan drum has a history of thousands of years from ancient times to the present. After being passed down from generation to generation by folk artists and continuously updated and improved, it has formed the following basic characteristics: (1) Along with the emergence and development of folk festivals, ancient folk sacrificial activities, it has formed a dependence on regional folk customs; (2) After long-term practice by folk artists, the Qishan drum has formed a refined drum score, lively rhythm, harmonious tone, bold performance, rich changes, and magnificent style; (3) It has the collective characteristics of participating in large-scale activities, spontaneous masses, and collective participation in square folk culture; (4) History After several generations of exploration and improvement, it has evolved into a percussion method. The drummers and cymbals players constantly change positions during the performance, interspersed with dance movements. The style is rough and bold, passionate and majestic, magnificent and shocking, giving people visual and auditory enjoyment and spiritual excitement, and is very expressive; (5) Due to different regions, the human, material and economic strength of each drum team are different, resulting in different drum scores that are inherited and passed down from generation to generation through long-term performances by ear (guaneryin) and oral transmission (reciting zhazi), thus resulting in different regional drum teams having different regional characteristics of drum scores. The main value of Qishan drum is academic value. Drum is the first of the "eight sounds". The "Da Wu" of the Zhou Dynasty was accompanied by drums. Qishan is the birthplace of the Zhou Dynasty. Duke Zhou made rituals and music here. The folk custom of beating gongs and drums has a long history. It is deeply favored by experts and scholars who study Zhou and Qin culture for its profound cultural heritage, exquisite performance skills, rough and bold style, and magnificent momentum. 2. Practical value. Qishan drum has become a popular folk entertainment method for the people of Qishan and even Guanzhong area. It not only inherits and spreads the essence of excellent folk traditional culture, but also inspires people's enthusiasm and courage to build their homes with its majestic style. Related instruments and products of Qishan drum Qishan drum belongs to the Qing gongs and drums in the ensemble gongs and drums. It is mainly composed of three instruments: drums, cymbals, and gongs. The number ratio is generally 121. Drums are divided into small drums and large drums. Small drums, commonly known as "Jiaolong Bagua drums", have a diameter of about one foot and eight inches. The drum cavity is made of mulberry wood in the middle and covered with raw cowhide on both sides. The center of the drum skin is painted with the Bagua diagram, and the drum shell is painted with red lacquer and gold with a dragon playing with a pearl. The big drum is commonly known as the "ox-drawn drum". The diameter of the drumhead is about five feet and four inches. The drum shape is the same as the small drum. It is named because it was usually installed on a wooden cart pulled by an ox or horse in the past. The drumstick is preferably made of willow wood, which is divided into plain drumsticks and flower drumsticks. Plain drumsticks can be nailed with a bunch of red tassels on the top; flower drumsticks are made of six sections of yellow, red and green, tied and dyed at both ends. When beating the drum, the hand is slightly behind the middle of the hammer, and it dances while beating, commonly known as "Wanhuazi", which is very expressive. The gongs of Qishan drum are divided into small gongs, large gongs, horse gongs, etc., which are mainly made of bronze or brass. The cymbals of Qishan drum are divided into bronze cymbals and brass cymbals, with a diameter of 50cm and each weighing about 4 jin. The sound is loud and deep. When struck, the double cymbals fly up and down, and the music is deafening, which is very powerful. Fire guns, commonly known as "撅把炮" by Qishan people, after being lit, smoke rises into the air, the sound explodes like thunder, and the prestige of the Dazhuang gong and drum performance makes the gong and drum performance extraordinary. The ancient wars of "setting up camp with cannons" and "starting with cannons" and so on. The colorful flags are the ceremonial guards of the gong and drum team, generally triangular ivory flags, with dragon and phoenix patterns embroidered or printed on the flags. During the gong and drum performance, there are generally about 50 flag teams. The flag poles are more than ten feet high, and in the middle there is a large flag with the name of the gong and drum team, high above, majestic and magnificent. From the Republic of China to the early days of liberation, the costumes of the Qishan gong and drum team were all tied with towels on their heads and yellow belts around their waists, marking the descendants of Yan and Huang, and were called "tiger hugging head". Now the most distinctive costumes are mostly imitations of the armor of Zhou Dynasty warriors. The patterns on them are generally bronze decorations, rich in connotation, and quite characteristic of Zhou culture.