Shanxi song. Originated from Xiangyuan, Shanxi, and popular in Shangdang area. Also known as Guerci and Xiangyuan tune. According to legend, blind artists in Xiangyuan in the early years of Emperor Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty established the "Three Emperors Association" to teach drum books and fortune-telling, so that Guerci was passed down from generation to generation, and the tunes were constantly enriched and reformed. Early performances were performed with a low wooden frame book drum, the singer played the board, the drum arrows and the festival, and the other person played the old hu or erhu for accompaniment. There are only two types of singing styles: slow and fast. During the Daoguang period, the blind artist Shi Jinxing absorbed local folk songs, minor tunes and Taoist begging tunes; during the Xianfeng period, the blind artist Lu Yongquan absorbed local palace tunes (i.e. Shangdang Bangzi), Luozi, Yangko and other opera singing styles. Later, Miao Xilai, Duan Minghe and other two generations of artists developed the style and tunes, which basically finalized the Xiangyuan drum book. Xiangyuan drum book is commonly known as "jiaodengbang", which is mainly spread in Xiangyuan County and neighboring Qinyuan, Wuxiang, Tunliu and other places. It was formed in the late 1930s on the basis of the integration of local "Liu Diao" and "Guerci". At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, it was called Xiangyuan drum book. It is said that "Guerci" directly inherited the form of the same name since the Song and Yuan Dynasties and developed and changed. "Liu Diao" flourished during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. It is said that it originated in Xiying Town, Xiangyuan County, and was originally called "Yingge Liu". During the Guangxu period, Tian Wei, an artist from Shanfu Township, Xiangyuan County, integrated folk 0yuan Liuxiang Qingge and local folk songs on the basis of the original tune, making the "Liu Diao" singing more gentle and pleasant, with diverse colors and richer expression. Since then, people have changed it to "Yingge Liu", commonly known as "Liu Diao". In the early years of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty, there were folk performance classes composed of teachers and apprentices. During the Daoguang reign, artist Shi Jinxing absorbed local folk tunes, Taoist "begging tunes" and folk hawking tunes in his storytelling performances, making the singing of Guzi Ci more rich; in the early years of Xianfeng, Shi Jinxing's apprentice Lu Yongquan transplanted and compiled some medium-length and long linked books based on the storytelling of folk stories and mythological programs, and absorbed and integrated some local operas and the singing of Luozi and Yangko, making the singing music richer and more beautiful. Later, the blind artist Miao Xilai created functional singing styles such as "sad board" and "rob board" based on the original singing method. In the early years of the Republic of China, the fifth-generation inheritor Duan Minghe worked hard on the storytelling of "Guzi Ci", further enriching the singing music of "Guer Ci" and making the singing style more stable and fixed. During the Anti-Japanese War, local Xiangyuan Gushu artists spontaneously formed a patriotic propaganda team to promote national salvation. Xiangyuan drum book is a form of folk drum book that is mainly sung and performed in the dialect of Xiangyuan. Xiangyuan drum book is usually performed by multiple people. The drummer who plays the drums uses his hands and feet. One person can operate a full set of percussion instruments such as flat drums, hexagram boards, wooden fish, foot clappers, small gongs, small cymbals, boring gongs, and large gongs. The other rappers perform rap according to their own conditions and the content of the story. They can take turns to rap, or one person leads and the others sing, or two people sing in duet, or everyone sings together; for a single performance, the performer only plays the moon guitar and performs by himself; for a two-person performance, they hold the moon guitar and the octagonal drum and sing with their own accompaniment. The stage movements of Xiangyuan drum book are usually mainly sitting and singing, but there are also standing and walking singing. Compared with other similar drum books, its performance methods, especially singing methods, are richer, almost covering all kinds of singing methods in the vocal system, including solo, duet and round singing, as well as leading singing, accompanying singing, unison singing, snatching singing and chorus singing, etc., which are very rich. Xiangyuan drum book is one of the oldest types of existing northern drum book-type music. It not only preserves many artistic genes of "Guzi Ci" in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, but also absorbs and uses many elements of similar local folk arts since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has a unique way of rap, rich singing tunes, and a large number of traditional books. It has very rich historical, cultural, artistic and academic value. For a long time, all life rituals and folk activities such as festival entertainment, weddings and funerals, blessing and disaster prevention, construction and migration, etc., have the performance of Xiangyuan drum book as an important ritual and content. So far, it has played a very important role in the spiritual and cultural life of the local people and played an irreplaceable role. The content of Xiangyuan drum book mainly comes from the folk, is easy to understand, has a strong local flavor, and reflects the rich local folk customs. For example, "wish book" and "divine book". Xiangyuan drum book is invited to help or serve as a ritual for local temple fairs, birthday celebrations, full moon celebrations, weddings, funerals, warm houses and other major events of farmers. Xiangyuan drum book art is mainly passed down by word of mouth from master to apprentice, and the teaching method is a single teacher to a single apprentice. Up to now, it has been passed down for nine generations. Early artists mainly told stories and also made a living by fortune-telling. In the long-term historical development, in order to protect and inherit their own art, Xiangyuan drum book artists invented a unique "secret code" called "diao jue", commonly known as "diao jier". It is a special jargon term that is convenient for internal communication. In the past, it was mainly used among blind artists of "gu'er ci", and "Liu diao" and sighted artists did not use it. Xiangyuan drum book not only carries the local people's understanding, ideals, wishes and interests of life, but also contains a lot of local people's social ethics and common sense of life, making the performance of Xiangyuan drum book not just art and entertainment, but also has multiple functions of folk carrier, local education and social life. During the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty, Shi Jinxing, an artist of the Xiangyuan Sanhuang Donghui, absorbed and blended local folk songs and Taoist "begging tunes" and made certain reforms to the singing style of drum lyrics. In the early years of Xianfeng, Shi Jinxing's apprentice Lu Yongquan compiled medium and long books by himself, and the subject matter was expanded to folk stories and myths and legends. In order to better express the dramatic conflicts in the book and portray the characters' personalities, he began to incorporate local operas such as Shangdang Gongdiao, Luozi, and Xiangyuan Yangge into the drum book. Later, the blind artist Miao Xilai created "sad board" and "rob board" based on the original singing style. In the early years of the Republic of China, Duan Minghe, a fifth-generation descendant, created the starting board, two-character, stacking board, and cutting board based on the original tight, slow, sad, and grab boards, and also subdivided the grab board into two types: slow grab and tight grab. This greatly enriched the board style of Xiangyuan drum books. His disciples Hou Yicheng, Dong Caiyuan and others successfully blended Shangdang Bangzi, Shangdang Luozi and Xiangyuan Yangge into the drum book perfectly, forming the characteristics of Xiangyuan drum book that can freely sing other operas. At the same time, Dong Caiyuan set a precedent for one person to play a full set of percussion instruments. While the drum lyrics were developing, another form of rap dominated by "sighted people" also quietly emerged. According to the fifth-generation inheritor of "Liu Diao" Song Shuanghuan's "List of Masters and Apprentices of Xiangyuan "Liu Diao" Famous Artists") recalled: During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, Tian Wei, a Yangge sighted artist in Shanfu Village, Xiangyuan County, based on the "Drum Lyrics", combined with the local popular minor tune "Yingge Liu", formed a fixed singing style called "Liu Diao", which was repeated in the upper and lower sentences. At first, only the octagonal drum was used for accompaniment, and then the Huhu was added. In the early years of the Republic of China, the accompaniment instrument of "Liu Diao" was changed from Huhu to Yueqin, and crying board, grab board and tight board appeared in the singing style. At the same time, they began to communicate and integrate with the "Gu'erci" sung by the blind. The "sighted artists" and blind artists learned from each other, and gradually formed today's "Xiangyuan Drum Book". The content of the drum book at this time included "divine books" and "wish books", as well as folk stories and legends, and the length was relatively long, some of which could be said to be fifteen to twenty days. Due to the inconvenience of the blind, there are few books that show wars and fighting scenes, and most of them reflect the themes of "loyalty and 0" and "talented men and beautiful women". The form of rap is: the number of band members increases to more than five. One person sits in the middle of the band and plays a full set of percussion instruments. The accompaniment instruments of Wenyue are: one person plays Erhuang (singing Yangko, drum book), Juqin (singing Bangzi), Banhu (singing Luozi), and the rest play Erba, Huhu, Sanxian, Yueqin, Erhu, and Dihu. There are many types of singing styles, such as Qiban, Erxing, Jinban, Manban, Duoban, Jieban, Manqiangban, Jinqiangban, Kuban, etc.; the tunes are mainly based on the basic tunes of Guerci, and other opera tunes are sung in between, which is a complex of tunes; narrative and lyrical, and can express dramatic conflicts, with more singing and less speaking. The percussionists are the main singers, and the accompanists play one or two roles according to the role distribution in the book list, roughly divided into Sheng, Dan, Chou and other professions. During this period, the style and singing form of Xiangyuan Gushu were basically finalized and began to develop initially. However, the social status of blind artists is still very low, and they are called "the lower three lines". 1. Because of the physical disability of the blind, they can only learn storytelling for a living. At the same time, the blind people do not have high living requirements, so they can be led by the Quyi troupe for a long time and steadily, so that they can be passed down. But now people not only want to listen to the story, but also watch the "storytelling", that is, they like to watch the storytelling on the stage. 2. In terms of technical skills, there is insufficient funds and it is impossible to rehearse, so people are even more reluctant to listen to Gushu. 3. Today's young people have not been instilled with drum book music since childhood, so there is a problem with the social education environment. 4. There are no apprentices because the quyi troupe cannot provide financial support, and the drum book artists are not respected. For example, Li: In 1994, there were more than a dozen girls in the quyi troupe. We took them to the countryside to contact for performances. Some cadres cursed and rolled their eyes, but we couldn't see it. However, the girls could see it and couldn't stand it. Besides, they couldn't make much money. Some solutions proposed by the quyi team members based on their own situation 1. On the one hand, the quyi team will continue to retain blind rap; on the other hand, recruit a group of sighted people to develop Xiangyuan drum book in the form of a stage. The latter point has been tried in the history of the development of Xiangyuan drum book, and the effect is very good. 2. Incorporate the quyi team members into the national establishment, or provide office funds. (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.) (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.)