The horse-head fiddle is a typical representative of Mongolian music culture. Whether it is its shape, production materials, or its sound quality, timbre, musical expression style and playing method, it reflects the Mongolian character connotation, fully reflects the historical form of Mongolian nomadic life, and expresses the Mongolian philosophical thinking and understanding of the natural universe. The Mongolian horse-head fiddle has a long history. It has existed since the formation of the Mongolian people. In the long-term historical development, the horse-head fiddle has formed different schools with distinct regional colors, which are closely related to the gathering and separation of the Mongolian people and historical changes. It can be said that the horse-head fiddle has accompanied the Mongolian people all the way from the grassland and the distant history, carrying rich historical and cultural information. The horse-head fiddle is not only played on some formal and grand occasions, but also appears in folk wedding ceremonies and daily activities such as gatherings of relatives and friends; it can be used as an accompaniment for songs or as a solo. The horse-head fiddle has a deep social and folk tradition foundation, and plays a social function such as spreading culture, cultivating sentiments, and changing customs. The traditional repertoire of the horse-head fiddle is mostly evolved from folk songs, which can be divided into five categories: 1. Native folk songs, such as "Zhu Se Lian" and "Ba Ya Ling"; 2. Heroic epic tunes, such as "Beng Ma Diao" and "Da Zhan Diao"; 3. Ma Bu Diao, that is, tunes that express the image of horses; 4. Qin music developed from folk songs, such as "He Yin Hua" and "Mo De Li"; 5. Ancient tunes of the Han nationality, such as "Pu'an Curse" and "Liu Qing Niang". The horse-head fiddle is highly respected in Mongolian culture and has become an extremely important form of expression of Mongolian culture. In recent decades, the development of the horse-head fiddle has encountered serious difficulties. Historically, there are four traditional schools of horse-head fiddle performance, and each school has its own traditional repertoire. But today, the inheritors of the horse-head fiddle are becoming increasingly scarce, and the repertoire is seriously lost, so protection work is urgent.