Guangdong Han Opera was formerly known as "Luantan", "Waijiang Opera" and "Xingmei Han Opera". It is one of the Han Hakka operas in Guangdong Province. In 1933, Qian Rechu, a native of Dapu County, Guangdong, wrote "Han Opera Outline" and named it Han Opera. Since then, it has become a convention and has been used to this day. Guangdong Han Opera is popular in Meizhou, Huizhou, Shaoguan and other places in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in Guangdong. In 2008, Guangdong Han Opera was selected into the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Guangdong Han Opera comes from Hui Opera after the fusion of Pihuang. It is a type of opera that uses Xipi Erhuang as the main vocal tune and is sung in Zhongzhou Mandarin, just like Western Fujian Han Opera. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were many foreign opera troupes in Guangdong that sang Yiyang Opera, Qingyang Opera, Luantan and other vocal tunes. In the 24th year of Emperor Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1759), foreign opera troupes established the Waijiang Liyuan Guild Hall in Guangzhou, and set up their own doors with the Qionghua Guild Hall of local opera troupes. At that time, there were 15 Waijiang troupes, four of which were Hui troupes and eight from Hunan. During the Jiaqing period (1796-1820), the Waijiang Troupe was active in Guangzhou and gradually reached Chaozhou and Shantou. After entering eastern Guangdong, the Waijiang Troupe recruited local people to learn and perform in the troupe. Later, they entered the Meizhou area where the Jiayu language was spoken, and recruited Hakka "Zhongjun Troupe" artists to participate. In the process, they integrated the folk music of eastern Guangdong and Buddhist and Taoist music, as well as the Zhongjun Troupe music (wind music for folk weddings and funerals in Meixian District, Xingning, Wuhua, Dapu, etc. in Meizhou), and gradually formed their own artistic style. But it still has a common thread with Hui Opera in many aspects. The roles of Guangdong Han Opera include Sheng (xiaosheng), Dan, Chou, Gong (laosheng), Po, Hongjing, and Wujing. In addition, there are Baodan and Za (daza), commonly known as Xiaoxing. The major roles of Sheng, Dan, Chou and Gong can be further subdivided into various “dang” roles, such as the “Gong” role is divided into white-bearded, mixed white-bearded, black-bearded old Sheng, and Wu Lao Sheng; the “Sheng” role is divided into Wen Sheng, Wu Sheng, Wenwu Sheng, and Wawa Sheng; the “Dan” role is divided into Zheng Dan, Qing Yi, Hua Dan, Wu Dan, and Cai Dan; the “Chou” role is divided into Guanpao Chou, Fangjin Chou, Short-clothed Chou, Wu Chou, Tong Chou, and Nv Chou. The division of roles in Guangdong Han Opera is slightly different from other operas. The roles are divided into six major roles: Sheng, Dan, Chou, Gong, Po, and Jing. Jing is divided into Wu Jing and Hong Jing. Wu Jing sings explosive sounds, while Hong Jing uses a combination of true and false voices with nasal resonance as the main method. The high notes are sung with false voices and the low notes are sung with natural voices. The singing style is melodious and crisp, which is quite distinctive. The vocal style of Guangdong Han Opera is basically Pi Huang tune, and there are also Siping tune (Daban), Chui tune (Anchun tune), as well as a small amount of Kunqu, Xiaodiao and Buddhist songs. It is not only closer to Hui Opera in singing tunes, but also in accompaniment instruments, such as head string, haotou, and big Su Luo, which are the same as the Huihu, pioneer hao, and Su Luo of the old Hui Opera. The basic singing tune of Guangdong Han Opera belongs to the Banqiang style, which is divided into four categories: Erhuang, Xipi, Daban, and Qupai Zadiao. The Pihuang Banshi includes Daodaoban, Touban, Erban, Sanban, Erliuban, Malongtou, Dieban, Kuban (rolling board), Jiaotou (or "crying section"), etc., and is divided into two types of tunes: "positive finger" and "reverse finger". Erhuang tunes are stable, broad and generous, elegant and steady, and are good at expressing true and sad emotions. Xipi tunes are flexible, high-pitched and passionate, fluent and melodious, and gentle and multi-cavity, about expressing joyful emotions. Daban was formerly known as "Erhuang Pingban", which is relaxed and lively, melodious and chic, suitable for joy rather than sadness, and often serves as a supplement to the lack of mood in Erhuang Banshi. The accompaniment music of Guangdong Han Opera includes a complete set of gong and drum classics, more than 100 suona tunes, more than 100 folk tunes, and more than 400 string music, which can be used to set off the atmosphere of the plot and cooperate with the performance of the characters. The accompaniment instruments are divided into civil and martial arts. The civil instruments include head string, erhu, sanxian, horizontal flute, big suona, small suona, yangqin, tihu, qinqin, yueqin, yehu, pipa, guzheng, reed pipe, cello; the martial arts instruments include war drum, big drum, side drum, big Su gong (also known as "copper gong"), small gong, bowl gong, copper and gold, sandalwood board, horn head, big cymbals, small cymbals, etc. The head string, big Su gong and horn head are the unique accompaniment instruments of Guangdong Han Opera. The head string is the lead string music, suitable for accompanying adult falsetto. The timbre of the Dasu gong is soft, deep and solemn, and the accompaniment is relatively slow and steady. The timbre of the trumpet is high and sharp, majestic and fierce, and is often used for the opening and ending. Its sound also has a sense of horror and horror, so it can create a tense, intense, sad and terrifying atmosphere in the scenes of the two armies fighting and the execution ground. The performance program of Guangdong Han Opera is similar to that of Peking Opera, Hunan Opera, Qi Opera, Hubei Han Opera and other operas, but it also has its own characteristics and style. Its martial arts belong to the southern school, and there are more than 100 kinds of facial makeup, mainly in black, red and white. Black symbolizes bravery, red symbolizes loyalty, and white and blue symbolize insidiousness and deceit. Guangdong Han Opera is an art form that Hakka people love to see and hear. It is widely spread in Hakka settlements such as eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, western Fujian, southern Fujian, southern Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Southeast Asia. The development of Guangdong Han Opera has experienced a process from its heyday at the beginning of its birth to its gradual decline and then its resurgence in recent years.