Marriage customs (Hezhe marriage customs)

Heilongjiang
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The traditional wedding of the Hezhe nationality emphasizes worshipping the gods and learning the rules set by the ancestors. The wedding ceremony begins when the sun rises, and the groom takes a colorful boat (a colorful sleigh in winter) to marry the bride. Returning to the man's home, they worship the heaven and earth and the ancestors. An old man holding a reed stick points at the newlyweds and gives them precepts and sings a blessing song. After the ceremony, the newlyweds "do good fortune" after eating dumplings on the kang, and the wedding banquet disperses. The bride gets off the kang and kowtows three times to her parents-in-law. The father-in-law toasts to the elders of the man's family and leaves. The traditional wedding customs of the Hezhe nationality believe in the gods of heaven and earth, worship ancestors, and follow the rules of etiquette. The simple folk customs of the Hezhe nationality are extremely characteristic of fishing and hunting culture. The main form of Hezhe nationality's wedding customs is engagement, but generally it is not based on the main condition of being well-matched, but rather on labor skills. In the long-term life, the Hezhe nationality has formed wedding customs with ethnic characteristics. Although the descriptions of the Hezhe nationality's wedding customs vary from the heroic epic era to modern times, they have never deviated from the main line of the consciousness of gods and filial piety etiquette. In terms of the form of the wedding, it is closely related to the traditional fishing and hunting production economy of the Hezhe people, such as using fishing boats to build a colorful boat to welcome the bride, and using the "Toriqi" (dog sled) carrying prey to build a colorful sled to get married. The Hezhe wedding customs include ceremonies such as proposing marriage, passing small gifts, and passing big gifts. It is integrated with the Hezhe folk music, singing and dancing art, literature and art, handicrafts, social beliefs, ethics and humanistic concepts, and has the folk characteristics and life interest of northern ethnic groups. The Hezhe people are a nation with a long history. The history of its fishing and hunting culture can be traced back to the Hongshan culture and Xinkailiu culture period 6,000 to 7,000 years ago. Throughout history, the Hezhe people have always believed that all things have spirits, worship nature, worship ancestors, and follow the natural law of the unity of man and nature. They pay attention to laws and respect etiquette, so in their production and life, there are many taboos and many etiquettes that people are required to follow. This laid the folk cultural foundation for the formation of the traditional wedding rituals of the Hezhe people. As for the traditional marriage customs of the Hezhe people, it first emphasizes that one must know how to worship the gods and learn and follow the various rules set by ancestors. Generally speaking, the development of the Hezhe marriage customs has gone through a process from simple to complicated, and then from complicated to simple. The marriage etiquette of the Hezhe people in the early years was relatively simple. According to the "Chronicles of Eastern Siberia" compiled by Cao Tingjie, "When getting married, the man brings a wine pot to the woman's house. He drinks first, and then discusses the amount of silver. The best ones use silk, satin and lambskin instead, and the next best use cloth. If the woman and her parents both agree, they will spend the night together, and then set a date to send the woman off, instead of welcoming her in person. Sometimes three or four women with the same makeup will take a boat to the door and walk into the house. The woman will hold the wine to entertain the guests, and the guests will use cloth as a gift, and also to treat their father-in-law, mother-in-law, brothers and sisters-in-law. The dowry is made of birch bark baskets, flutes and wooden ladles." Before the liberation of China, the marriage customs of the Hezhe people were influenced by Manchu and Han culture, and the rituals became increasingly complicated. A wedding had to go through rituals such as choosing a spouse, engagement, and marrying the bride. However, these complicated and customary marriage rules were also similar in different places. Take lifting the veil as an example. The Hezhe people in Jiejinkou used a weighing rod to throw it on the eaves of the front house; the Hezhe people in Bacha used a stick to pick it up and throw it on the roof of the door; the Hezhe people in Sipai used a horse whip to lift the red cloth. After the liberation of China, the marriage system has changed, from arranged marriage and marriage by sale to free marriage. Influenced by the new social customs, the marriage customs of the Hezhe people have also undergone major changes. The most prominent one is that the marriage between men and women has been freed, and their wedding ceremony has also changed. Most of the Hezhe people choose to hold weddings in school classrooms or other public places with new wedding ceremonies, eliminating the old customs and practices in the old social wedding ceremony. On November 11, 2014, the marriage customs (Hezhe marriage customs) were approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to be included in the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage list, with the heritage number: -139.

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