Jingdezhen Folk Kiln Ceramic Art (Second Batch Provincial Level) The so-called folk kiln is relative to the official kiln set up by the palace. According to the literature, Jingdezhen had famous folk kilns very early. Historical records: "Tao kiln, the early Tang Dynasty, the soil is white soil, the body is slightly thin, the color is moist. It was fired by Tao from Zhongxiu Village in the town." There is also a record of "Huo kiln": "It was made by Huo Zhongchu from Dongshan Village, and it was called Huo ware at the time." Since then, Jingdezhen folk kilns have continued to grow and develop. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jingdezhen folk kilns had become the largest porcelain production center in the country. Jingdezhen folk kiln ceramic art refers to the modeling art, decoration methods and decorative painting of Jingdezhen folk kiln porcelain from past dynasties. Jingdezhen folk kiln wares have rich shapes and various shapes. According to incomplete statistics, there are 38 types of jars, such as the Four Spirits Pagoda jar, the Lotus Seed jar, and the General jar; there are 72 types of jars and vases, such as the Plum Bottle, the Celestial Globe Bottle, the Pipa Zun, and the Ox Head Zun; there are 66 types of pots, such as the Pear-shaped pot, and the Pear-shaped pot; there are 33 types of bowls, such as the Hat-shaped bowl and the Chicken Heart Bowl; there are 25 types of cups, such as the High-footed cup, the Hand-pressed cup, and the Bell Cup. There are also plates, dishes, boxes, basins, washbasins, bowls, tripods, stoves, beans, inkstones, pillows, etc., which are diverse and have magnificent artistic shapes. The artistic decoration methods of Jingdezhen folk kilns are roughly body painting decoration, underglaze painting decoration, and overglaze painting decoration. In a broad sense, there are also color glaze color art decoration. Body painting decoration is to decorate the pattern on the porcelain body by engraving or molding, and then glaze it to make porcelain. The celadon porcelain of the Song Dynasty basically uses this method. For example, the celadon porcelain engraved plum bottle of the Song Dynasty has a peony pattern engraved all over the body. The eight-sided double-layer printed box of shadow blue porcelain has a peony pattern printed on the cover. The focus of Jingdezhen folk kiln ceramic art is on decorative painting, and its themes are roughly divided into six categories: figures, animals, plants, landscapes, auspicious meanings, and text patterns. The themes involve all aspects of nature and human social life, and are artistically expressed through different decorative methods and painting techniques. The so-called folk kiln is a porcelain kiln operated by the people. It is relative to the official kiln set up by the court. According to historical records, Jingdezhen had well-known folk kilns very early. Volume 12 of the Chronicles of Fuliang County during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty recorded that "Xinping began to produce pottery in the Han Dynasty." Lan Pu of the Qing Dynasty recorded in the section of Volume 5 of Jingdezhen Pottery Records: "The pottery kiln is a vessel from the early Tang Dynasty. The soil is white, the body is slightly thin, and the color is moist. It was fired by the Tao family from Zhongxiu Village in the town." "The Huo kiln, the porcelain color is also plain, the soil is greasy, the quality is thin, and the best ones are as bright and delicate as jade. They were made by Huo Zhongchu from Dongshan Village. At that time, they were called Huo wares." From the above records, Jingdezhen area began to produce ceramics since the Han Dynasty. By the early Tang Dynasty, the porcelain produced was very famous, and there were folk kilns named after the producer's surname. In the Song Dynasty, the folk kilns in Jingdezhen mainly fired a single variety of blue-and-white porcelain, and the glaze color of blue-and-white porcelain was between blue and white. The Yuan Dynasty was an era in which Jingdezhen porcelain changed the most and made the most significant progress. During this period, the working people successfully created five major varieties: blue-and-white, underglaze red, red glaze, blue glaze, and egg white glaze. Although Jingdezhen established an imperial kiln factory in the Ming Dynasty to provide imperial porcelain for the court, the folk kiln porcelain industry at that time also had a solid foundation. The varieties of folk kiln porcelain in the Ming Dynasty were mainly blue and white porcelain, and there were also five-color, doucai and various high and low temperature colored glaze porcelain. Overglaze color art painting has developed. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the decline of the imperial kiln factory, the folk kilns in Jingdezhen showed a vibrant vitality. The production areas of porcelain in the Qing Dynasty were relatively wide, but like the Ming Dynasty, the porcelain from Jingdezhen, the capital of porcelain, still represented the level of the entire era. Jingdezhen folk kilns were extremely prosperous due to the huge sales volume in the domestic and foreign markets. In the early Qing Dynasty, there were tens of thousands of workers engaged in porcelain making in Jingdezhen folk kilns. The production technology and varieties of folk kilns in the Qing Dynasty had new improvements and innovations compared with the Ming Dynasty. New techniques were invented for blue and white painting, and many new colored glaze varieties were also created, among which pastel porcelain was the most prominent. During the folk period, Jingdezhen's porcelain industry was at a low point. However, during this period, there were still a number of ceramic artists in Jingdezhen who achieved remarkable results.