Wu Jutong and Shanyang School of Medicine, a traditional medicine project on the first batch of representative projects of municipal intangible cultural heritage in Huai'an. Wu Jutong and his medical achievements Wu Jutong (1758-1836), whose name was Jian, whose courtesy name was Peiheng, and whose pseudonym was Jutong. He was born in a scholarly family in Shanyang County, Huai'an Prefecture (now Hexia Town, Chuzhou District, Huai'an City) in the Qing Dynasty. His father was a respected teacher who later died of febrile disease. Wu Jutong officially started practicing medicine at the age of 36 and practiced medicine for 40 years. He wrote "Treatise on Febrile Diseases", "Yi Yi Bing Shu" and "Wu Jutong Medical Cases", which are well-known throughout the country. "Zhang Zhongjing for typhoid fever, Wu Jutong for febrile disease". For a long time, the Chinese medicine community believed that he stood shoulder to shoulder with Zhang Zhongjing of the Han Dynasty and was one of the two pillars in the history of Chinese medicine. Wu Jutong lived in an era when febrile diseases were prevalent. Doctors at that time could not find a good prescription for febrile diseases, and many people died of febrile diseases. Wu Jutong watched his father and nephew die due to lack of proper treatment, and witnessed many people who died tragically due to misdiagnosis. He was heartbroken and cried to the sky: "Alas, why do people die from doctors instead of diseases? It is better to have no doctors than to have doctors, and it is better not to learn medicine if you are not proficient in it." In order to save the people, he resolutely "abandoned the career of a scholar" and "dedicated himself to medical skills." With the attitude of "not knowing a disease is a shame for a doctor", Wu Jutong studied medical classics seriously and read the theories of various schools since the Jin and Tang dynasties. "Advance with the disease, retreat with the heart, read the Spring and Autumn Annals for ten years, and then I got something, but I didn't dare to treat anyone lightly." Why didn't he dare to treat patients easily? This is Wu's responsibility for individual life and the sacred profession of doctor. According to the requirements of traditional Chinese medicine theory: "Those who do not have a thorough understanding of the present and the past, do not have knowledge of heaven and man, are not close to immortals, and are not close to Buddhas, must not be doctors to mislead the world." However, some doctors at that time only read medical books such as "Song of Tangtou" and "Ode to the Properties of Medicines" and were busy practicing medicine. Wu Jutong criticized: "People today do not read ancient books, are content with what they have learned, are satisfied with what they have learned, love simplicity, fear complexity, like the simple and the easy, and fear the profound, which is a serious illness!" He believed that doctors must read a wide range of medical classics, which should be "the complexity of the five elements and six qi, the changes of the three elements; the human affairs, the difficulties of gains and losses, likes and dislikes; and the various things, the various grains, plants, metals, stones, birds, beasts, water and fire." In his "Medical Book on Diseases", "On Not Reading Ancient Books", he listed some must-read books for medical students, such as Confucian classics including "Book of Changes", "Book of Rites of Zhou", "Book of Rites", and "Book of Songs". Medical classics include Shennong's Herbal Medicine, Lingju, Suwen, Nanjing, Shanghanlun, and Jinkui Yaolue. He hoped that "future scholars would focus on clarifying the truth and benefiting the world, rather than competing for fame and victory". Wu Jutong hated the behavior of some snobbish doctors in the world who liked to treat the rich, powerful, and influential, and used different medicines for treatment according to "people's status". He criticized, "The problem of famous doctors is firstly their school of thought, and secondly, they are too self-reliant, which makes them look down on the common people and make mistakes, and end up killing people." Nowadays, doctors "use medicine at a rate of three cents, five cents, eight cents, or one cent, and wait for the patient's true energy to recover and the disease to subside, and then they consider it a success; for slightly serious diseases, they cannot cure them." Moreover, "many of them are arrogant and stingy, and they want to boast of their status and ask for a high fee. Some doctors even ask for more than three hundred gold coins a day. They only care about their own profits, but not human life." He saw the ugly nature of some "diseases of contemporary doctors". Practicing medicine "can be called business, or opening a clinic, which is extremely shameful, not to mention other things. Moreover, from the perspective of the market, killing people for profit is far inferior to merchants." This made him feel very sad. Wu Juchang said, "Doctors should have the heart to cut their own flesh." Not only did he say this, he also did it. He treated patients equally regardless of their status, wealth, status, or social status. When he met a poor and sick person, he not only gave him medical treatment, but also gave him money. He also fulfilled his medical duties to patients who were treated badly or refused to be treated by others, and to patients with erratic diseases. After he became famous, he still responded to patients' requests. Even when visiting relatives and friends, or even strangers on the road, he would treat them. It is said that there was a family outside Gubeikou, where both sisters-in-law were widows and had two sons who were sick and vomited blood. The situation was very critical. It was midwinter with heavy snow, and the mountain road was slippery. Although an old man knelt down and begged from door to door, no doctor was willing to come. Wu was kind-hearted. Although he met the doctor by chance while visiting Huairou, he rushed to the doctor overnight. He arrived one day and one night, and the child finally saved his life. Wu Jutong's book "The Book of Treating Diseases" criticized and lashed out at some bad behaviors of doctors at that time from many aspects. The book also put forward the viewpoints that "one cannot be a doctor without superior wisdom", "one cannot learn medicine without beautiful talents", and "one cannot be a doctor without the knowledge of things", and believed that a good doctor must have "responsibility, understanding and art". Traditional Chinese medicine divides all diseases caused by exogenous pathogens into two categories: typhoid fever and febrile diseases, and the latter has a particularly high incidence rate. For a long period of time in the long river of Chinese history, "those who treat febrile diseases have no standards", and often "they use western medicine for the disease", resulting in the wrong method of using "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" to treat febrile diseases. It was Wu Jutong who completely changed the situation of "treating febrile diseases with typhoid fever, which has been the same since the Tang Dynasty". Treating febrile diseases with the method of treating typhoid fever resulted in "two or three out of ten patients died from the patients, and eight or nine out of ten died from the doctors". Although many doctors questioned this, they never broke away from the "typhoid fever" system. In addition to diagnosing diseases, Wu Jutong summarized the medical achievements of his predecessors and critically absorbed the essence of the academic works of famous scholars such as Zhang Zhongjing, Wu Youke, and Ye Tianshi. At the same time, he combined various cases and carefully studied and speculated on febrile diseases. In terms of the names, causes, symptoms, and dialectical treatment of febrile diseases, he traced back to the "Inner Canon of Medicine", followed Zhang Zhongjing, melted the theories of Ye Tianshi and other schools, and summarized a complete set of methods for treating febrile diseases. Wu Jutong advocated the difference between warm and cold, believing that warm diseases have superficial heat symptoms and typhoid fever has superficial cold symptoms. In the treatment of "warm diseases, sweating is the most taboo", it is advisable to clear heat and promote fluid circulation, open the surface and sweat, so that the surface is relieved and the lung heat is cleared. In the spring and summer of the 58th year of Qianlong (1793), "a febrile epidemic broke out in the capital", and all doctors were helpless and officials were at a loss. The night sky in the capital was terrifying and strange, and people were in a state of panic every day. Wu Jutong, who was 36 years old at the time, "took the task in a critical moment". He respected the classics but did not stick to the old ways. He changed his clinical practice and medicines, "using medicines that suit the condition and avoiding medicines that do not suit the condition". He often treated special diseases in an unconventional way. Many people who "had already become seriously ill" were fortunately saved by his treatment. Doctors commented: "Jian treated febrile diseases in Beijing and saved many lives". Treating febrile diseases in Beijing was the beginning of Wu Jutong's formal treatment for people all over the world, and he could not stop from doing so. He treated countless people and saved countless lives throughout his life. At the same time, he also left many practical prescriptions for future generations, such as Yinqiao Powder, Sangju Drink, Huoxiang Zhengqi Powder, Qingying Decoction, Qinggong Decoction, etc. It is reported that eight out of ten prescriptions currently used in clinical practice are from his hand. In addition, the medical book "Treatise on Warm Diseases" and many medical records were left to future generations, which became important reference materials for future generations to study and research febrile diseases. Treatise on Warm Diseases is the first book on warm disease that systematically, completely and creatively discusses the rules of syndrome differentiation and treatment of warm diseases and the complete theories, methods, prescriptions and medicines. It completely corrects the drawbacks of treating "typhoid fever" and "warm disease" together, "clearing up the dust and fog of two thousand years." It demonstrates the syndrome and treatment of nine types of warm diseases, including wind-heat, warm heat, warm epidemic, warm poison, damp-heat, autumn dryness, summer heat, winter heat and warm malaria, establishes the principle of clearing heat and nourishing yin, and specifically proposes the treatment methods of clearing collaterals, cooling the camp and nourishing yin, so that future generations have a "standard" in treating warm diseases. Doctors commented: "This book is very detailed and complete in warm diseases." Wu Jutong also expounded the outline of triple-burner syndrome differentiation, believing that the upper burner is mainly composed of the heart and lungs, the middle burner is mainly composed of the spleen and stomach, and the lower burner includes the liver, kidneys, large and small intestines and bladder. He pointed out the transmission law of "warm disease enters through the mouth and nose, nasal air passes to the lungs, and oral air passes to the stomach. If the lung disease is transmitted in reverse, it will spread to the pericardium. If the upper-burner disease is not treated, it will spread to the middle-burner, which is the stomach and spleen; if the middle-burner disease is not treated, it will spread to the lower-burner. It starts from the upper-burner and ends at the lower-burner." He proposed the treatment principle of "treating the upper-burner is like a feather, it will not rise unless it is light; treating the middle-burner is like a balance, it will not be stable unless it is lowered; treating the lower-burner is like a fermentation, it will not sink unless it is heavy." Thus, a complete set of warm disease syndrome differentiation and treatment system was formed. His explanation of the transmission law of pathogenic factors and treatment principles is of great and far-reaching significance for guiding clinical treatment and medication. "Treatise on Warm Diseases" "wings "Treatise on Febrile Diseases" and is now listed as one of the four classics of traditional Chinese medicine. It is a must-read book for medical practitioners. Therefore, Wu Jutong's position in the history of traditional Chinese medicine was established, and he enjoyed the reputation of a generation of warm disease masters. "Great doctors are sincere" is the motto of Chinese doctors for thousands of years, and the unchanging noble character of Chinese medicine that attaches equal importance to honesty and medical skills. Wu Jutong fully embodies it. He inherited the three major purposes of famous Chinese medicine practitioners in successive dynasties: to be a doctor, to study, and to serve the people. His spirit of scholarship and medical ethics set an example and pointed out the direction for later generations. The publication of Wu Jutong's Treatise on Warm Diseases promoted the formation and development of the Warm Disease School of Chinese Medicine. Gu Zhuhou, a scholar from Heshan, Chuzhou, wrote in the preface to the book Medical Extracts by Han Daya in 1917: "My hometown is adjacent to the Huai River and the sea, and has produced famous doctors from generation to generation. Since Mr. Wu Jutong wrote the book Treatise on Warm Diseases, he discovered the difference between typhoid fever and warm disease, and the difference in the treatment of triple-burner diseases. Since then, doctors have not been limited to Zhongjing's theory." Shanyang School of Medicine Shanyang Medicine developed due to the political, economic and cultural development of Huai'an. For thousands of years, driven by the successive dynasties’ efforts to develop state, prefecture, and road medicine, the medical school has continued to develop by relying on the family traditions and teachers of folk doctors. Especially after Wu Jutong, Shanyang County in the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China, famous doctors emerged in large numbers, and the "Shanyang doctors" became famous in the world. Shanyang doctors used the combination of "Wei Qi Ying Xue" and "San Jiao Syndrome Differentiation" to diagnose and treat diseases, thus forming a unique Shanyang medical school that is quite influential at home and abroad. It is one of the most influential medical schools in modern Chinese medicine, along with Anhui Xin'an Medicine and Guangdong Lingnan Medicine. 1. Shanyang doctors took Wu Jutong as their master, not only learning and applying Wu Jutong's ideas on warm disease in clinical practice, but also focusing on promoting and promoting his ideas on warm disease. Liu Shaofang, the representative of Liu's medical school, Zhang Yizhou, the representative of Zhang's medical school, and Wang Xiaochuan, the representative of Wang's medical school, made Hexia Chinese medicine famous. Among them, Wang Xiaochuan was committed to promoting medicine, establishing the "Shanyang Medical School" and the Shanyang Medical Research Association to inherit and carry forward Shanyang medicine. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, people talked about medicine and there was a saying that "Menghe in the south and Shanyang in the north". In the early years of the Republic of China, there were many clinics and medicine shops in Guhexia Town, which was called "Chongyi Town". Second, Shanyang medicine has been passed down through family inheritance and has many disciples all over the country. Wang Xiaochuan's family has a long history of learning, and he has inherited Chinese medicine and surgery for generations. He said, "I have more than a hundred students, and my medical practice is famous everywhere." Ying Jintai was famous for his large prescriptions and taught more than 60 students. It is reported that there have been more than 500 famous doctors in the Shanyang School of Medicine since its formation. In the late Qing Dynasty, there were Li Zongkun, Liu Jinfang, Gao Yingqing, He Jinyang, Wang Danlin, Ji Fengshu, Liu Xiaoquan, Han Daya, Fan Cuiru, Liu E, etc. Influential celebrities of traditional Chinese medicine in modern times include Zhang Juren, Yang Ziqian, Yu Ying'ao, Cheng Xinnong from Beijing, Liu Shunong, Zhu Boping, Yao Suwu from Shanghai, Qiu Muhan from Suzhou, Yue Weide from Hebei, Gao Xingsu from Xuzhou, Wang Aijian from Gaoyou, Gao Jingtang from Huaiyin, Ma Jingle from Lianshui, Xu Yisheng from Xiangshui, and Du Xiaoyuan from Jinan. 3. Shanyang School of Medicine focuses on the study of febrile diseases, comprehensively and systematically studies the causes, pathology, development and change laws of febrile diseases, and the methods of syndrome differentiation and treatment. More than 80 medical monographs have been handed down. Its academic characteristics are: using triple-burner syndrome differentiation to treat, light and penetrating; treating dampness and heat, spreading the Qi and making it clear and flowing; treating warm and hot, preserving body fluids and nourishing yin and saving essence; applying the method of descending, distinguishing applications, expanding and changing; learning from the predecessors, not sticking to the ancients, and being more adept at new methods and changing them; following the purpose of the classics, citing the classics, the same method and the same prescription; using the ancient method flexibly, transforming the classics, and the prescription changing with the symptoms. The doctors of Shanyang School of Medicine have their own unique skills, and are distributed all over the country and are well-known. They inherited Wu Jutong's method of treating diseases and the purpose of "protecting people's livelihood" as a doctor. Over the past 100 years, Shanyang medicine has made great contributions to human life and health. "There are tens of millions of people who have made a living and died" (Han Daya's "Preface to Medical Extracts"). The current status of Shanyang medicine Wu Jutong's academic thought shows that Chinese medicine had a full understanding and complete efficacy of infectious diseases as early as the end of the 18th century. It has made great contributions to the Chinese nation's victory over the first killer infectious diseases that endanger human life and health in the past 200 years. Shanyang medicine, with Wu as the master, has also made an indelible contribution to the life and health of the people in the region. As Western medicine moved eastward, traditional Chinese medicine gradually declined. Shanyang medicine, which has always been developed by family inheritance and teacher-student teaching, has been shrinking day by day, and its former glory no longer exists. Nowadays, the development, inheritance and prosperity of Shanyang medicine face many difficulties: First, a large number of medical works and solitary copies are lost among the people, making it difficult to collect and organize. According to incomplete statistics from the "Huai'an Health Chronicles", there are more than 30 medical books in history. Except for a few that cannot be found, most of them are still copied and treasured by doctors, such as Liu Jinfang's "Clinical Symptoms and Classics", Li Houkun's "Wenbing Fu", He Jinyang's "He Chengxuan Medical Cases", Cai Jinyang's "Three Generations of Medical Prescriptions", etc. Most of them are still handwritten and lost among the people. Second, many secret prescriptions and proven prescriptions have not been developed and utilized. In the long-term medical practice, doctors in Chuzhou have summed up many proven prescriptions and secret prescriptions, such as the "Huai'an Dog Skin Plaster" with a history of more than 400 years, the "Han Family Inherited Modified Shenghua Tang (Pills)" and "Bai Wen Liang Fang" created by the imperial physician Han Dayai, which are all worth developing. For example, more than 200 prescriptions were created in the book "Wen Bing Tiao Bian", but only nearly 100 Chinese patent medicines are commonly used, and the rest are to be developed. Third, there are no specialized academic research institutions. Although Chuzhou District established the Wu Jutong Academic Research Association in 1986, many practical work could not be carried out because there was no source of funds. Fourth, there are not many descendants of Shanyang medical names who have been passed down through family teachers. There are only a handful of representative descendants at present, such as Yuan Changxin, Hu Qimei, Jin Shimei, Luo Zhiping, etc. Among them, Yuan Changxin is a direct disciple of Zhang Xianghou, a famous old Chinese medicine doctor in the province. He has been practicing medicine for decades and was once the vice president of Wujutong Hospital (now Chuzhou Chinese Medicine Hospital). He is now retired, but he still sees patients in the hospital. Therefore, how to cultivate the successors of Shanyang medicine is a top priority. (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.) (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.)