Clothing customs in northern Tibet
The herdsmen living on the northern Tibetan Plateau live in the vast embrace of the grassland in a unique way, and write their own history with their diligence, wisdom and bravery. At the same time, they have also formed their own unique clothing customs. The overall requirements for clothing are that formal clothes should be bright and generous, casual clothes should be decent and wear-resistant, summer clothes should be light and soft, and winter clothes should be windproof and warm. Men in northern Tibet usually wear white cloth or white silk clothes and trousers in summer, and white or black woolen felt robes or cloth robes as outer garments. Generally, black, dark blue, dark green, khaki, and coffee are selected. But bright colors such as bright red, sky blue, and bright yellow are not used. Women like to wear black or dark felt robes and black or blue cloth robes (with or without sleeves). Wear brightly colored open-fronted tops inside, and generally do not have the habit of wearing pants. If conditions permit, wear a red flannel midi skirt inside. In winter, men usually wear gowns made of sheepskin or lambskin, with a woolen coat and pants made of sheepskin or wolfskin. The elderly also wear leather knee pads. Women wear gowns with colorful woolen edges, which come in seven or nine colors, and cloth sweatshirts inside, but no pants. However, shepherd boys are given lambskin knee pads when they graze. The herders in northern Tibet are very particular about the formal attire of men and women. They usually choose gowns with high-quality plush woolen woolen materials as the outer surface and goatskin as the lining. The main difference between men's and women's clothing lies in the style and the color of the edging. Men's clothing has black edging, while women's clothing has colorful edging. If conditions permit, otter edging is also used. The most distinctive men's clothing is "Di Cha", which uses high-quality lambskin as the lining, sheepskin as the outer surface, black flat velvet edging and otter skin strips, and various auspicious patterns are embroidered on the back. This is the most exquisite clothing among formal attire. Whether they are dressed up or casually, pastoral women wear colorful skirts, which are called "bang dian" in Tibetan. The "bang dian" in pastoral areas all come from agricultural areas. Up to now, pastoral people still cannot weave this kind of colorful cloth. However, a few places in pastoral areas produce a very exquisite "bang dian" made of colorful thin cloth cut and embroidered. This "bang dian" is delicately made and exquisitely crafted, and has a certain appreciation and collection value. The belt they often wear is a wool striped belt woven by themselves. When they dress up for festivals, pastoral women wear silk ribbons of various colors. Men in northern Tibet have long hair and braids. The braids they comb vary from double braids to single braids, all according to personal preference. Those who comb single braids usually wear spiral rings or Shenpo Congyu wrapped in silver on the braids, which is called "La Yu" in Tibetan. Then put a few corals and agates on them. The braid ends are braided with red or black tassels made of velvet thread. This is a common hairstyle for men. Another type is called "Aguo". This hairstyle is to cut the hair from the forehead to the eyebrows, and then braid it into a single braid, which is called lifelong hair. The braids are decorated with topknot treasure boxes, ivory combs, silver saddle-shaped rings, etc. The ends of the braids are decorated with velvet hair tassels. In addition, a unique hairstyle is popular, which is called Mongolian hairstyle. It is to cut a little hair from the forehead and braid the rest of the hair into a braid on the left and right. The Kangba hairstyle is to braid a single braid at the back and decorate it with long velvet hair tassels. This hairstyle is hung on the back at home, and is coiled on the head when going out. When seeing lamas, nobles, and elders, the hair is lowered to show respect. When women in northern Tibet dress up for festivals, women comb their hair into two layers after washing and combing. After combing, the upper layer of hair is braided into five braids on the left and right, which is called "Tolian", which means upper braid. Wear a black cloth as the base and inlaid with various carvings and gems. If it is a married woman, she will wear a white conch piece on the top, which symbolizes the purity of love and the holiness of the husband. The size of the snail should be moderate, without any gaps or cracks. The round mouth should be carved with lotus leaves and inlaid with corals. Unmarried women do not wear white snails. The lower layer of hair is braided into many thin braids, with small hair pads underneath. The left and right sides of the hair pads are decorated with various small corals and other jewelry. A wig is added to the end of the braids, and various fine snails, corals, jade, silver coins and other things are hung. A small bell is tied to the end of the hair. In daily life, women braid their hair and hang ornaments, but not as complicated and diverse as the above. Combing double braids with colorful tassels hanging from the ends of the braids is a common hairstyle for Tibetan women. Women in northern Tibet mostly wear white snails. In addition, in a few areas, they wear a hairpiece made of red thin cloth, decorated with corals, jade and other gems, and a hairpiece called "Dongdar" made of various colored cloths as the base and decorated with fine snails. In addition, they wear a hairpiece inlaid with silver buckles, silver coins, gems and other things. In some places, a headgear called the Dragon Girl Hairstyle is popular. It is made of cloth strips with various ornaments on the bottom. It is not connected to the hair and can be directly put on the braid when needed. In the past, most of the herdsmen living on the northern Tibetan grasslands chose to graze on grass and set up tents by water. They had no fixed residence. Therefore, the houses owned by the herdsmen were cow-hair tents, and only a handful of people had houses. Now settlements have been gradually established, and many families have fixed houses, but every summer and autumn, the young and middle-aged people of each family still have to drive cattle and sheep and take tents to far away mountains to graze. There are various types of tents: black yak tents, white cow-hair tents, black-topped and white-surrounded tents, canvas and white cloth tents, etc. Black tents are made of pure cow-hair blankets and vary in size. It is said that the largest tent is composed of nine large pieces, but the largest tent we have seen now is only four large pieces and can only accommodate hundreds of people. The tents commonly used in pastoral areas are composed of two large pieces, woven with cow-hair thread, and are generally called black tents. The size depends on the number of herders. Regardless of the size of the tent, it must have auxiliary materials such as brackets, beams, pillars, ropes, and stakes, none of which can be missing; white tents are mostly made of wool. This type of tent is used by wealthy herders when they graze in groups in summer. It is also used to protect lambs and calves from the cold and to carry salt when going out, because it is lighter than a cow hair tent. The black-topped and white-sided tent is usually called a flower tent. Its top, door curtain, skylight, etc. are woven with black cow hair, and the rest are sewn with white cloth. It has a bright and comfortable feeling. It is mostly used for market gatherings or festivals, and is used as a travel tent when it is old. The colorful tent is woven with various fluffs, so it has no reputation and is a simple tent that can be used at will. In addition, there is a simplest tent called "A Ding" in Tibetan. It is a tent that can be propped up with only one pillar and one beam. There is no regulation on its size and materials. It is the simplest tent among tents. People usually use it for pilgrimages and other hiking trips. Because cloth was very scarce in northern Tibet in the old days, white cloth tents became the best tents. Not many households have cloth tents, and owners often use them as places to receive distinguished guests and entertain. Due to the shortage of cloth, cloth tents are very particular in style and workmanship. Various exquisite patterns are embroidered on the top of the tents, and they are also equipped with shades, fences, etc. (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.) (No pictures yet, welcome to provide.)