Intangible culture with Related Tags
Beijing Pingshu
Beijing Pingshu originated in the Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a far-reaching form of folk art in the northern region, mainly spread in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and other places. The prosperity of the art of "speaking" after the Song Dynasty promoted the formation of long vernacular novels to a certain extent, laying a solid foundation for the final appearance of Beijing Pingshu. When performing Beijing Pingshu, one person sits behind a table, uses folding fans and wake-up sticks as props, and uses gestures and expressions to explain the plot and portray characters. It also often uses ventriloquism to simulate the sounds of wind, rain, cannons, horses, etc. to enhance the rhythm and create an atmosphere. Pingshu has formed a unique set of program specifications in the long-term development process, showing artistic characteristics such as "bold", "tight", "dynamic", and "hot". It uses organizational structures such as "book beams", "return heads", "guanzi", and "bokou", and uses "fu" and "zan" to describe people and things, which is appropriate and precise, and the levels are well-organized. Its performance is full of spoken language, the style is bold and simple, warm and bright, and it is very pleasant and fascinating. The traditional bibliography of Beijing Pingshu mainly includes "Romance of the Eastern Han Dynasty", "Romance of the Western Han Dynasty", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Biography of Yue Fei", "Three Heroes and Five Gallants", etc. These works have played an educational function of popularizing historical knowledge and highlighting traditional virtues in the process of dissemination, and have cultural value that cannot be underestimated. Since modern times, a large number of performing artists with high artistic standards have emerged in the Beijing Pingshu industry, such as Yuan Kuocheng, Tian Lianyuan, Lian Liru, etc. At present, the increase in literary and artistic forms and the development of mass media have caused unprecedented prosperity in social and cultural life. Against this background, people's interest and enthusiasm in the art of Pingshu has been greatly weakened. This situation has affected the development of Beijing Pingshu, resulting in a decrease in Pingshu practitioners, and the lack of successors to the once glorious excellent folk art. The inheritance is facing great difficulties. It is urgent for relevant parties to take measures as soon as possible to start protection and support.
Ventriloquism
Ventriloquism is a disguised acrobatic project. Ventriloquism is an art of using the movement of the lips, teeth, throat, and tongue, as well as the resonance of the nasal cavity and chest cavity, to simulate the sounds of birds and animals, and even the sounds of all things in the world. Ventriloquism has a long history. According to the "Records of the Grand Historian: The Biography of Mengchangjun", Mengchangjun escaped from the Qin crisis with the help of chicken-crowing and dog-stealing. This shows that more than 2,300 years ago, ventriloquists had the skill of imitating the crowing of a rooster to announce the dawn, and had reached a level that was indistinguishable from the real thing. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, ventriloquism in Beijing has developed greatly. Whether it is the "imitation of bird calls" performed in public by "Mingchun" or the "next door play" in which "Anchun" simulates life scenes in the world behind the screen, there are wonderful pieces handed down. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, the "Hundred Birds Zhang" known as "the best of (Beijing) Tianqiao" imitated the singing of birds in a variety of ways. The small ones included yellow birds, red birds, pearl birds, phoenix-headed birds, and sparrows; the large ones included larks, thrushes, cuckoos, woodpeckers, mountain magpies, black-naped orioles, white storks, egrets, red-crowned cranes, etc., which could be mistaken for real birds and attract the singing of real birds. It can also imitate the sounds of golden roosters announcing the dawn, chickens hatching chicks, pigeons spraying nests, and ducks playing in the water, all of which are very lifelike and have high skills. In the past hundred years, with the development of the times and changes in the environment, Yin Shilin (stage name "Kaikouxiao") and his successors Zhou Zhiliang (stage name "Sun Tai") and Zhou Zhicheng have made substantial reforms to ventriloquism, combining Mingchun, Anchun, and Gebi Opera, and stepped out of the traditional eight-foot screen to perform on stage directly in front of the audience. While imitating the voice vividly, facial expressions and body language were added, making ventriloquism a performing art with "expression and sound". Sun Tai's performances of catching cicadas, cutting wood, and pushing carts were delicate and lifelike, humorous and moving. He won the gold medal at the 6th World Youth Festival in 1957, which triggered a new wave of ventriloquism in Beijing. Niu Yuliang, Niu Yuming and others inherited the fine traditions of Beijing ventriloquism and worshipped the Zhou brothers as their teachers. In their study and practice, they constantly explored the scientific laws of ventriloquism and breathing, and summarized the "circular breathing method" and "circular voice method", which opened up a wider source of air and sound for the breathing and voice of ventriloquism, further enriched the ventriloquism performance techniques, and gave the audience an excellent visual and auditory artistic enjoyment. Nowadays, electronic sound is changing with each passing day, and traditional ventriloquism has been hit hard, with few successors and lost skills. It is particularly urgent to protect the original ecological ventriloquism.
Kunqu Opera
In May 2001, it was selected into the first batch of Representative Lists of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In 2008, it was automatically included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Kunqu Opera is one of the oldest existing Chinese operas, originating from the Ming Dynasty (14th to 17th century AD). The singing style of Kunqu Opera is highly artistic and has had a huge impact on all modern Chinese operas, such as Sichuan Opera and Peking Opera. Kunqu Opera performances include singing, reciting, acting, fighting, and dancing, which are also the basic subjects for training Peking Opera actors. Kunqu Opera and its dramatic structure (roles such as Dan, Chou, and Sheng) have also been borrowed by other operas. "The Peony Pavilion" and "The Palace of Eternal Life" have become traditional repertoires. Kunqu Opera performances are accompanied by gongs and drums, strings, flutes, flutes, shengs, pipa and other string and percussion instruments. Kunqu Opera dance movements are mainly divided into two categories, which are rich in expressiveness.
Nanyin
Nanyin is a performing art that combines singing and playing, and is one of the oldest existing types of music in China. Nanyin is sung in Quanzhou dialect, and is mainly played with instruments such as pipa, dongxiao, erxian, sanxian, and clappers. The music is written in five Chinese characters: "乂工六思一". The more than 3,000 existing ancient music scores preserve different categories of music from the Jin Dynasty (265-420 AD) to the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 AD). The music style is elegant and delicate. Its singing form, instrument shape, palace tune melody, music score and notation method are unique, providing rich historical information for the study of ancient Chinese music. Nanyin is a cultural heritage cherished by the general public in the relevant communities.
Maixirefu
Meshrep is a tradition among the Uyghur people in China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Meshrep is the most important bearer of the Uyghur people's cultural traditions. The complete Meshrep activity includes a rich array of customs and performing arts, such as music, dance, drama, folk art, acrobatics, oral literature, food and games. The most comprehensive art form of this activity is Uyghur Muqam, which combines singing, dancing and entertainment. Meshrep serves as both a "court" and a "classroom" where the master of ceremonies mediates conflicts and maintains moral standards, and where people can learn about their traditional customs and habits. The master of ceremonies who understands its customs and cultural connotations, the famous performers who participate in the activities, and the entire Uyghur population who participate in the activities are the main disseminators and inheritors of Meshrep. However, Meshrep's viability is threatened by many factors, such as social changes brought about by urbanization and industrialization, ethnic and foreign influences, and the migration of young Uyghurs who flock to cities for work. The frequency of activities and the number of participants are decreasing, and the number of inheritors who understand the traditional rules and rich connotations of Maixirefu has dropped sharply from hundreds to dozens.
Peking Opera
Peking opera is a performing art that combines singing, reciting, acting and fighting. It is performed widely across China, but Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai remain the main performance centers. The singing and reciting of Peking opera are mainly in the Beijing dialect, and the scripts are written according to a series of strict rules that focus on form and rhythm. Each repertoire tells stories about history, politics, society and life, and conveys information while entertaining. Music plays a key role in Peking opera, not only setting the rhythm of the performance and creating a special atmosphere, but also shaping the characters and guiding the development of the story. For example, the "civil scene" uses orchestral instruments such as the high-pitched jinghu and flute, while the "martial scene" uses percussion instruments such as ban drums and gongs to set off. The performance is characterized by the actors' formulaic and symbolic style of performance, which is achieved through the choreography of predetermined hand, eye, body and foot movements. Traditionally, stage settings and props are kept to a minimum, but the costumes are gorgeous, the facial makeup is exaggerated, and simple symbols, colors and patterns are used to depict the personality and social identity of the characters. Peking opera is mainly passed down from master to apprentice, with apprentices learning basic performance skills through verbal instruction, observation and imitation. Peking opera is regarded as the epitome of the aesthetic ideals of traditional Chinese opera and is widely recognized as a Chinese cultural heritage.
Fujian Puppetry Successor Talent Training Program
Fujian puppet show is an outstanding representative of my country's puppet performance art, with the main performance forms of string puppets and palm puppets. Since the 10th century AD, it has been widely spread in Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and surrounding areas. Its exquisite performance techniques, rich traditional repertoires and musical singing, and exquisite idol modeling art have formed a complete performance system and become a performing art form cherished by local community residents. Since the 1980s, with the changes in production and lifestyle, coupled with the complexity of Fujian puppet show performance techniques, young people's willingness to learn and inherit has declined, and Fujian puppet show has lacked successors. Since 2006, relevant communities, groups and representative inheritors have formulated the "Fujian Puppet Show Successor Talent Training Plan" from 2008 to 2020 around the main goal of cultivating inheritors. In the four years since the implementation of the plan, through systematic professional training, a new generation of puppet show practitioners have been trained to improve the survival ability of Fujian puppet show; through holistic protection, potential puppet show practitioners and appreciators have been cultivated to improve the living environment of Fujian puppet show, effectively promoting the protection and inheritance of Fujian puppet show.
Heritage with Related Tags
Historic Centre of Urbino
The small hill town of Urbino in the Marche region experienced a cultural boom in the 15th century, attracting artists and scholars from all over Italy and beyond, and influencing cultural developments in the rest of Europe. Due to economic and cultural stagnation since the 16th century, it still largely retains its Renaissance appearance.
West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou
The Hangzhou West Lake Cultural Landscape consists of West Lake and the hills surrounding it on three sides, and has provided inspiration to famous poets, scholars and artists since the 9th century. It includes numerous temples, pagodas, pavilions, gardens and ornamental trees, as well as causeways and artificial islands. These additions were created to enhance the landscape to the west of Hangzhou city and to the south of the Yangtze River.
Mount Taishan
The sacred Mount Tai (“山” means “mountain”) has been the object of imperial worship for nearly 2,000 years, where artistic masterpieces blend perfectly with the natural landscape. It has been a source of inspiration for Chinese artists and scholars, and a symbol of ancient Chinese civilization and faith.
Li Shaochun Memorial Hall
The Li Shaochun Memorial Hall was planned and written by a famous opera critic and architectural expert. During the preparation process, the opinions of Li Shaochun's relatives were sought many times; dozens of leaders of higher-level departments, well-known opera critics and famous opera performing artists were invited twice to come for guidance; more than ten provinces and cities were visited, experts, scholars, insiders, collaborators, etc., and materials for the construction and exhibition were collected from many sources. With the strong support of people from all walks of life, the Li Shaochun Memorial Hall was opened on November 4, 2006, the 87th anniversary of Li Shaochun's birth. The Li Shaochun Memorial Hall is located on Yijin Middle Road in Bazhou City. It consists of three parts: the VIP Hall, the exhibition hall entrance and the classical small theater, with a total area of 3,000m2.