Glass firing technique

Mentougou District, Beijing
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Colored glaze is a common name for low-temperature lead-glazed pottery. It is a decorative material commonly used in palaces, mausoleums, temples, pagodas and other buildings. After long-term production practice, colored glaze has reached a considerable height in terms of modeling style, decorative style, and craftsmanship. Colored glaze architecture organically combines Chinese traditional ceramic culture and architectural culture, becoming an architectural form with strong national characteristics and cultural connotations. Colored glaze production is widely distributed in Shanxi Province, mainly in Taiyuan, Yangcheng, Hejin, Jiexiu and other places. Taiyuan began to produce colored glaze around the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, and has never stopped since then. The Su family is the most famous for firing colored glaze locally. The firing of colored glaze in Yangcheng began in the Yuan Dynasty and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The firing site was originally in the East Gate of the county seat, and later moved to Houzeyao Village. Among them, the Qiao family was the most famous. The firing of Hejin colored glaze also began in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, mainly concentrated in the East and West Yaotou Villages in the west of the city. The Lv family is a local colored glaze family. Jiexiu is an early area in Shanxi where colored glaze was produced. Colored glaze was already used in the local temple buildings in the Tang Dynasty. It reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty, leaving behind many historical sites. Beijing is the former capital of the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. Colored glaze can be seen in a large number of palaces, gardens, tombs, pagodas, temples and other buildings. The production of colored glaze in Beijing began in the Liao Dynasty. There are now ruins of Liao Dynasty kilns in Longquanwu Village, Longquan Town, Mentougou District. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the government set up a colored glaze kiln in Liuliqu Village, Mentougou, which was called "official kiln" or "Western kiln". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the Mentougou official kiln flourished. The colored glaze firing technique of Liuliqu Village was introduced to Beijing by the Zhao family of colored glaze in Yuci County, Shanxi Province. The kiln fired colored glaze according to the regulations of the Ministry of Industry in the Qing Dynasty, which has always been regarded as the standard official firing method. It usually takes more than ten days and more than twenty procedures to fire a colored glaze product. First, the clay is selected, crushed, screened, washed, and refined into a shape. After drying, it is fired in a kiln, commonly known as "plain firing". Then it is glazed and fired in a kiln, known as "color firing". Nowadays, with the decline of traditional architectural forms, the demand for colored glaze is gradually decreasing. In addition, due to environmental problems in the coal kiln firing of colored glaze, coupled with the shrinking industry, loss of personnel, and abandoned production skills, the traditional craft of colored glaze firing is on the verge of extinction and urgently needs the attention of relevant parties.

Intangible culture related to the heritage

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