Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Tower of London' has mentioned 'Tower' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Tower of LondonLocationLondon Borough of Tower HamletsCoordinates51xc2xb030xe2x80xb229xe2x80xb3N 00xc2xb004xe2x80xb234xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf51.50806xc2xb0N 0.07611xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 51.50806; -0.07611AreaCastle: 12 acres (4.9xc2xa0ha)Tower Liberties: 6 acres (2.4xc2xa0ha)Height27 metres (89xc2xa0ft)BuiltWhite Tower: 1078Inner Ward: 1190sRe-built: 1285Wharf expansion: 1377xe2x80x931399Visitors2,984,499xc2xa0(in 2019)[1]OwnerQueen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown[2] UNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeCulturalCriteriaii, ivDesignated1988 (12th session)Referencexc2xa0no.488CountryUnited KingdomRegionEurope and North America Listed Building xe2x80x93 Grade I Listed Building xe2x80x93 Grade II Location of the castle in central London | WIKI |
| It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separated from the eastern edge of the square mile of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. | WIKI |
| The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. | WIKI |
| As a whole, the Tower is a complex of several buildings set within two concentric rings of defensive walls and a moat. | WIKI |
| The Tower has served variously as an armoury, a treasury, a menagerie, the home of the Royal Mint, a public record office, and the home of the Crown Jewels of England. | WIKI |
| From the early 14th century until the reign of Charles II in the 17th century, a procession would be led from the Tower to Westminster Abbey on the coronation of a monarch. | WIKI |
| Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. | WIKI |
| This use has led to the phrase "sent to the Tower". | WIKI |
| Despite its enduring reputation as a place of torture and death, popularised by 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century writers, only seven people were executed within the Tower before the World Wars of the 20th century. | WIKI |
| Anthony Salvin and John Taylor took the opportunity to restore the Tower to what was felt to be its medieval appearance, clearing out many of the vacant post-medieval structures. | WIKI |
| In the First and Second World Wars, the Tower was again used as a prison and witnessed the executions of 12 men for espionage. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Architecture 1.1 Layout 1.2 White Tower 1.3 Innermost ward 1.4 Inner ward 1.5 Outer ward 2 Foundation and early history 3 Expansion 4 Later Medieval Period 5 Changing use 6 Restoration and tourism 7 Garrison 8 Crown Jewels 9 Royal Menagerie 10 Ghosts 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Explanatory notes 12.2 Citations 12.3 General bibliography 13 Further reading 14 External links | WIKI |
| The Tower was oriented with its strongest and most impressive defences overlooking Saxon London, which archaeologist Alan Vince suggests was deliberate. | WIKI |
| The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle. | WIKI |
| The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres (4.9 hectares) with a further 6 acres (2.4xc2xa0ha) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties xe2x80x93 land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons. | WIKI |
| [7] Despite popular fiction, the Tower of London never had a permanent torture chamber, although the basement of the White Tower housed a rack in later periods. | WIKI |
| [8] Tower Wharf was built on the bank of the Thames under Edward I and was expanded to its current size during the reign of Richard II (1377xe2x80x931399). | WIKI |
| White Tower[edit] | WIKI |
| Main article: White Tower (Tower of London) | WIKI |
| The White Tower is a keep (also known as a donjon), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord xe2x80x93 in this case, the king or his representative. | WIKI |
| [10] According to military historian Allen Brown, "The great tower [White Tower] was also, by virtue of its strength, majesty and lordly accommodation, the donjon par excellence". | WIKI |
| [11] As one of the largest keeps in the Christian world,[12] the White Tower has been described as "the most complete eleventh-century palace in Europe". | WIKI |
| The original entrance to the White Tower was at first-floor level | WIKI |
| The White Tower, not including its projecting corner towers, measures 36 by 32 metres (118 by 105xc2xa0ft) at the base, and is 27xc2xa0m (90xc2xa0ft) high at the southern battlements. | WIKI |
| It was probably during Henry II's reign (1154xe2x80x931189) that a forebuilding was added to the south side of the tower to provide extra defences to the entrance, but it has not survived. | WIKI |
| [14] At the western corners of the building are square towers, while to the north-east a round tower houses a spiral staircase. | WIKI |
| Caen stone was imported from northern France to provide details in the Tower's facing, although little of the original material survives as it was replaced with Portland stone in the 17th and 18th centuries. | WIKI |
| As most of the Tower's windows were enlarged in the 18th century, only two original xe2x80x93 albeit restored xe2x80x93 examples remain, in the south wall at the gallery level. | WIKI |
| The tower was terraced into the side of a mound, so the northern side of the basement is partially below ground level. | WIKI |
| Although the layout has remained the same since the tower's construction, the interior of the basement dates mostly from the 18th century when the floor was lowered and the pre-existing timber vaults were replaced with brick counterparts. | WIKI |
| St John's Chapel, inside the White Tower | WIKI |
| There is a recess in the north wall of the crypt; according to Geoffrey Parnell, Keeper of the Tower History at the Royal Armouries, "the windowless form and restricted access, suggest that it was designed as a strong-room for safekeeping of royal treasures and important documents". | WIKI |
| [14][18] St John's Chapel was not part of the White Tower's original design, as the apsidal projection was built after the basement walls. | WIKI |
| [16] Due to changes in function and design since the tower's construction, except for the chapel little is left of the original interior. | WIKI |
| The innermost ward encloses an area immediately south of the White Tower, stretching to what was once the edge of the River Thames. | WIKI |
| As was the case at other castles, such as the 11th-century Hen Domen, the innermost ward was probably filled with timber buildings from the Tower's foundation. | WIKI |
| Exactly when the royal lodgings began to encroach from the White Tower into the innermost ward is uncertain, although it had happened by the 1170s. | WIKI |
| [24] Near Wakefield Tower was a postern gate which allowed private access to the king's apartments. | WIKI |
| [26] The area around the White Tower was cleared so that anyone approaching would have to cross open ground. | WIKI |
| The Jewel House was demolished, and the Crown Jewels moved to Martin Tower. | WIKI |
| Right of centre is the 11th-century White Tower; the structure at the end of the walkway to the left is Wakefield Tower. | WIKI |
| [31] The main entrance to the inner ward would have been through a gatehouse, most likely in the west wall on the site of what is now Beauchamp Tower. | WIKI |
| [32] The 13th-century Beauchamp Tower marks the first large-scale use of brick as a building material in Britain, since the 5th-century departure of the Romans. | WIKI |
| [33] The Beauchamp Tower is one of 13 towers that stud the curtain wall. | WIKI |
| Clockwise from the south-west corner they are: Bell, Beauchamp, Devereux, Flint, Bowyer, Brick, Martin, Constable, Broad Arrow, Salt, Lanthorn, Wakefield, and the Bloody Tower. | WIKI |
| The royal bow-maker, responsible for making longbows, crossbows, catapults, and other siege and hand weapons, had a workshop in the Bowyer Tower. | WIKI |
| A turret at the top of Lanthorn Tower was used as a beacon by traffic approaching the Tower at night. | WIKI |
| As a result of Henry's expansion, St Peter ad Vincula, a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower, was incorporated into the castle. | WIKI |
| [36] Immediately west of Wakefield Tower, the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward's curtain wall, and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames. | WIKI |
| [37] The Bloody Tower acquired its name in the 16th century, as it was believed to be the site of the murder of the Princes in the Tower. | WIKI |
| [41] Construction of the Grand Storehouse north of the White Tower began in 1688, on the same site as the dilapidated Tudor range of storehouses;[42] it was destroyed by fire in 1841. | WIKI |
| A third ward was created during Edward I's extension to the Tower, as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle. | WIKI |
| In this wall, he built St Thomas's Tower between 1275 and 1279; later known as Traitors' Gate, it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle's water-gate. | WIKI |
| [50] Edward also moved the Royal Mint into the Tower; its exact location early on is unknown, although it was probably in either the outer ward or the Lion Tower. | WIKI |
| [51] By 1560, the Mint was located in a building in the outer ward near Salt Tower. | WIKI |
| [52] Between 1348 and 1355, a second water-gate, Cradle Tower, was added east of St Thomas's Tower for the king's private use. | WIKI |
| The White Tower dates from the late 11th century. | WIKI |
| [61] Work on the White Tower xe2x80x93 which gives the whole castle its name xe2x80x93[12] is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. | WIKI |
| [12] The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England, and was the strongest point of the early castle. | WIKI |
| Although he is the first recorded prisoner held in the Tower, he was also the first person to escape from it, using a smuggled rope secreted in a butt of wine. | WIKI |
| After plying them with drink, when no one was looking he lowered himself from a secluded chamber, and out of the Tower. | WIKI |
| [68] The Jews used the Tower as a retreat, when threatened by anti-Jewish violence. | WIKI |
| The importance of the city and its Tower is marked by the speed at which he secured London. | WIKI |
| As the Tower was considered an impregnable fortress in a strategically important position, possession was highly valued. | WIKI |
| Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower. | WIKI |
| As Longchamp's main fortress, he made the Tower as strong as possible. | WIKI |
| The new fortifications were first tested in October 1191, when the Tower was besieged for the first time in its history. | WIKI |
| In 1214, while the king was at Windsor Castle, Robert Fitzwalter led an army into London and laid siege to the Tower. | WIKI |
| Although under-garrisoned, the Tower resisted and the siege was lifted once John signed the Magna Carta. | WIKI |
| During the war, the Tower's garrison joined forces with the barons. | WIKI |
| Fitzwalter was still in control of London and the Tower, both of which held out until it was clear that Henry III's supporters would prevail. | WIKI |
| [21] The tradition of whitewashing the White Tower (from which it derives its name) began in 1240. | WIKI |
| [77] The Tower had long been a symbol of oppression, despised by Londoners, and Henry's building programme was unpopular. | WIKI |
| With the backing of mercenaries, Henry installed himself in the Tower in 1261. | WIKI |
| A truce was agreed with the condition that the King hand over control of the Tower once again. | WIKI |
| Cardinal Ottobuon came to England to excommunicate those who were still rebellious; the act was deeply unpopular and the situation was exacerbated when the cardinal was granted custody of the Tower. | WIKI |
| Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle, declaring that custody of the Tower was "not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner, much less of an ecclesiastic". | WIKI |
| The Earl retreated, allowing the King control of the capital, and the Tower experienced peace for the rest of Henry's reign. | WIKI |
| Although he was rarely in London, Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower, costing xc2xa321,000 between 1275 and 1285, over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III's reign. | WIKI |
| The western part of Henry III's curtain wall was rebuilt, with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle's old gatehouse. | WIKI |
| The institution was based at the Tower and responsible for organising the state's arms. | WIKI |
| [91][92][93] Generally reserved for high-ranking inmates, the Tower was the most important royal prison in the country. | WIKI |
| In 1323, Roger Mortimer, Baron Mortimer, was aided in his escape from the Tower by the Sub-Lieutenant of the Tower who let Mortimer's men inside. | WIKI |
| One of Mortimer's first acts on entering England in 1326 was to capture the Tower and release the prisoners held there. | WIKI |
| For four years he ruled while Edward III was too young to do so himself; in 1330, Edward and his supporters captured Mortimer and threw him into the Tower. | WIKI |
| One of the powerful French magnates held in the Tower during the Hundred Years' War was Charles, Duke of Orlxc3xa9ans, the nephew of the King of France. | WIKI |
| It shows the White Tower and the water-gate, with Old London Bridge in the background. | WIKI |
| When Richard II was crowned in 1377, he led a procession from the Tower to Westminster Abbey. | WIKI |
| [99] Six years later there was again civil unrest, and Richard spent Christmas in the security of the Tower rather than Windsor as was more usual. | WIKI |
| [100] When Henry Bolingbroke returned from exile in 1399, Richard was imprisoned in the White Tower. | WIKI |
| The heir to the Scottish throne, later King James I of Scotland, was kidnapped while journeying to France in 1406 and held in the Tower. | WIKI |
| The Tower was damaged by artillery fire but only surrendered when Henry VI was captured at the Battle of Northampton. | WIKI |
| [99] During the wars, the Tower was fortified to withstand gunfire, and provided with loopholes for cannons and handguns: an enclosure was created for this purpose to the south of Tower Hill, although it no longer survives. | WIKI |
| Prince Edward V and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. | WIKI |
| [104] Bones thought to belong to them were discovered in 1674 when the 12th-century forebuilding at the entrance to the White Tower was demolished; however, the reputed level at which the bones were found (10xc2xa0ft or 3xc2xa0m) would put the bones at a depth similar to that of the Roman graveyard found, in 2011, 12xc2xa0ft (4xc2xa0m) underneath the Minories a few hundred yards to the north. | WIKI |
| [103] As king, Henry VII built a tower for a library next to the King's Tower. | WIKI |
| As 16th-century chronicler Raphael Holinshed said the Tower became used more as "an armouries and house of munition, and thereunto a place for the safekeeping of offenders than a palace roiall for a king or queen to sojourne in". | WIKI |
| [98] Henry VII visited the Tower on fourteen occasions between 1485 and 1500, usually staying for less than a week at a time. | WIKI |
| [108] During the reign of Henry VIII, the Tower was assessed as needing considerable work on its defences. | WIKI |
| [98] From 1547 onwards, the Tower of London was only used as a royal residence when its political and historic symbolism was considered useful, for instance each of Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I briefly stayed at the Tower before their coronations. | WIKI |
| In the 16th century, the Tower acquired an enduring reputation as a grim, forbidding prison. | WIKI |
| Contrary to the popular image of the Tower, prisoners were able to make their life easier by purchasing amenities such as better food or tapestries through the Lieutenant of the Tower. | WIKI |
| [111] As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower xe2x80x93 as would have been the case for any castle xe2x80x93 there was no purpose-built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed, a "Prison for Soldiers", was built to the north-west of the White Tower. | WIKI |
| The Tower's reputation for torture and imprisonment derives largely from 16th-century religious propagandists and 19th-century romanticists. | WIKI |
| [112] Although much of the Tower's reputation is exaggerated, the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle's zenith as a prison, with many religious and political undesirables locked away. | WIKI |
| [112] The Privy Council had to sanction the use of torture, so it was not often used; between 1540 and 1640, the peak of imprisonment at the Tower, there were 48 recorded cases of the use of torture. | WIKI |
| [114] One of those tortured at the Tower was Guy Fawkes, who was brought there on 6 November 1605; after torture he signed a full confession to the Gunpowder Plot. | WIKI |
| Among those held and executed at the Tower was Anne Boleyn. | WIKI |
| [115] The Tower was often a safer place than other prisons in London such as the Fleet, where disease was rife. | WIKI |
| High-status prisoners could live in conditions comparable to those they might expect outside; one such example was that while Walter Raleigh was held in the Tower his rooms were altered to accommodate his family, including his son who was born there in 1605. | WIKI |
| [116] Before the 20th century, there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey, this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous. | WIKI |
| [116] After Lady Jane Grey's execution on 12 February 1554,[117] Queen Mary I imprisoned her sister Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, in the Tower under suspicion of causing rebellion as Sir Thomas Wyatt had led a revolt against Mary in Elizabeth's name. | WIKI |
| The two bodies were resident at the Tower from at least 1454, and by the 16th century they had moved to a position in the inner ward. | WIKI |
| [120] The Board of Ordnance (successor to these Offices) had its headquarters in the White Tower and used surrounding buildings for storage. | WIKI |
| Political tensions between Charles I and Parliament in the second quarter of the 17th century led to an attempt by forces loyal to the King to secure the Tower and its valuable contents, including money and munitions. | WIKI |
| Plans for defence were drawn up and gun platforms were built, readying the Tower for war. | WIKI |
| When this failed he fled the city, and Parliament retaliated by removing Sir John Byron, the Lieutenant of the Tower. | WIKI |
| The Trained Bands had switched sides, and now supported Parliament; together with the London citizenry, they blockaded the Tower. | WIKI |
| With permission from the King, Byron relinquished control of the Tower. | WIKI |
| The last monarch to uphold the tradition of taking a procession from the Tower to Westminster to be crowned was Charles II in 1661. | WIKI |
| [123] Under the Stuart kings the Tower's buildings were remodelled, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. | WIKI |
| [41] In the 17th century there were plans to enhance the Tower's defences in the style of the trace italienne, however they were never acted on. | WIKI |
| The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45, and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle "would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege". | WIKI |
| The building could accommodate 1,000 men; at the same time, separate quarters for the officers were built to the north-east of the White Tower. | WIKI |
| During the First World War, eleven men were tried in private and shot by firing squad at the Tower for espionage. | WIKI |
| [128] During the Second World War, the Tower was once again used to hold prisoners of war. | WIKI |
| [129] The last person to be executed at the Tower was German spy Josef Jakobs who was shot on 15 August 1941. | WIKI |
| [131] The Second World War also saw the last use of the Tower as a fortification. | WIKI |
| In the event of a German invasion, the Tower, together with the Royal Mint and nearby warehouses, was to have formed one of three "keeps" or complexes of defended buildings which formed the last-ditch defences of the capital. | WIKI |
| A recreation of Edward I's bedchamber in the river-side St Thomas's Tower above Traitors' Gate. | WIKI |
| The Tower steadily gained popularity with tourists through the 19th century, despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington to visitors. | WIKI |
| In the Tower's architecture, this was manifest when the New Horse Armoury was built in 1825 against the south face of the White Tower. | WIKI |
| [112] Ainsworth also played another role in the Tower's history, as he suggested that Beauchamp Tower should be opened to the public so they could see the inscriptions of 16th- and 17th-century prisoners. | WIKI |
| Working on the suggestion, Anthony Salvin refurbished the tower and led a further programme for a comprehensive restoration at the behest of Prince Albert. | WIKI |
| On 23 September 1940, during the Blitz, high-explosive bombs damaged the castle, destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower. | WIKI |
| A 1974 bombing in the White Tower Mortar Room left one person dead and 41 injured. | WIKI |
| In the 21st century, tourism is the Tower's primary role, with the remaining routine military activities, under the Royal Logistic Corps, having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle. | WIKI |
| [138] However, the Tower is still home to the regimental headquarters of the Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, and the museum dedicated to it and its predecessor, the Royal Fusiliers. | WIKI |
| [140][141] Also, a detachment of the unit providing the Queen's Guard at Buckingham Palace still mounts a guard at the Tower, and with the Yeomen Warders, takes part in the Ceremony of the Keys each day. | WIKI |
| [142][143][144] On several occasions through the year gun salutes are fired from the Tower by the Honourable Artillery Company, these consist of 62 rounds for royal occasions, and 41 on other occasions. | WIKI |
| [147][148] However, recent developments, such as the construction of skyscrapers nearby, have pushed the Tower towards being added to the United Nations' Heritage in Danger List. | WIKI |
| [150] Although the position of Constable of the Tower remains the highest position held at the Tower,[151] the responsibility of day-to-day administration is delegated to the Resident Governor. | WIKI |
| At least six ravens are kept at the Tower at all times, in accordance with the belief that if they are absent, the kingdom will fall. | WIKI |
| [155] As well as having ceremonial duties, the Yeoman Warders provide guided tours around the Tower. | WIKI |
| The Yeomen Warders provided the permanent garrison of the Tower, but the Constable of the Tower could call upon the men of the Tower Hamlets to supplement them when necessary. | WIKI |
| The Tower Hamlets, aka Tower Division was an area, significantly larger than the modern London Borough of the same name, which owed military service to the Constable in his ex officio role as Lord Lieutenant of the Tower Hamlets. | WIKI |
| In 1669, the Jewel House was demolished[27] and the Crown Jewels moved into Martin Tower (until 1841). | WIKI |
| Wire lion sculptures at the tower, Kendra Haste | WIKI |
| There is evidence that King John (1166xe2x80x931216) first started keeping wild animals at the Tower. | WIKI |
| Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II presented Henry with three leopards, circa 1235, which were kept in the Tower. | WIKI |
| Historical records indicate that a semi-circular structure or barbican was built by Edward I in 1277; this area was later named the Lion Tower, to the immediate west of the Middle Tower. | WIKI |
| Records from 1335 indicate the purchase of a lock and key for the lions and leopards, also suggesting they were located near the western entrance of the Tower. | WIKI |
| Consequently, even though the animals had long since left the building, the tower was not demolished until the death of Copps, the last keeper, in 1853. | WIKI |
| [169] In 2008, the skulls of two male Barbary lions (now extinct in the wild) from northwest Africa were found in the moat area of the Tower. | WIKI |
| [167] In 2011, an exhibition was hosted at the Tower with fine wire sculptures by Kendra Haste. | WIKI |
| Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for treason against Henry VIII; her ghost supposedly haunts the Church of St Peter ad Vincula in the Tower, where she is buried, and has been said to walk around the White Tower carrying her head under her arm. | WIKI |
| Other nameless and formless terrors have been reported, more recently, by night staff at the Tower. | WIKI |
| William the Conqueror built the White Tower in 1066 as a demonstration of Norman power, siting it strategically on the River Thames to act as both fortress and gateway to the capital. | UNESCO |
| As the gateway to the capital, the Tower was in effect the gateway to the new Norman kingdom. | UNESCO |
| The Tower literally xe2x80x98toweredxe2x80x99 over its surroundings until the 19th century. | UNESCO |
| The Tower represents more than any other structure the far-reaching significance of the mid-11th century Norman Conquest of England, for the impact it had on fostering closer ties with Europe, on English language and culture, and in creating one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. | UNESCO |
| The Tower has an iconic role as reflecting the last military conquest of England. | UNESCO |
| As the most complete survival of an 11th-century fortress palace remaining in Europe, the White Tower, and its later 13th and 14th century additions, belong to a series of edifices which were at the cutting edge of military building technology internationally. | UNESCO |
| The additions of Henry III and Edward I, and particularly the highly innovative development of the palace within the fortress, made the Tower into one of the most innovative and influential castle sites in Europe in the 13th and early 14th centuries, and much of their work survives. | UNESCO |
| The survival of palace buildings at the Tower allows a rare glimpse into the life of a medieval monarch within their fortress walls. | UNESCO |
| The continuous use of the Tower by successive monarchs fostered the development of several major State Institutions. | UNESCO |
| From the late 13th century, the Tower was a major repository for official documents, and precious goods owned by the Crown. | UNESCO |
| The presence of the Crown Jewels, kept at the Tower since the 17th century, is a reminder of the fortressxe2x80x99 role as a repository for the Royal Wardrobe. | UNESCO |
| As the setting for key historical events in European history: The Tower has been the setting for some of the most momentous events in European and British History. | UNESCO |
| Its role as a stage upon which history has been enacted is one of the key elements which has contributed towards the Towerxe2x80x99s status as an iconic structure. | UNESCO |
| Arguably, the most important building of the Norman Conquest, the White Tower symbolised the might and longevity of the new order. | UNESCO |
| The imprisonments in the Tower of Edward V and his younger brother in the 15th century, and then, in the 16th century, of four English queens, three of them executed on Tower Green xe2x80x93 Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard and Jane Grey xe2x80x93 with only Elizabeth I escaping, shaped English history. | UNESCO |
| The Tower also helped shape the story of the Reformation in England, as both Catholic and Protestant prisoners (those that survived) recorded their experiences and helped define the Tower as a place of torture and execution. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): The White Tower is the example par excellence of the royal Norman castle from the late 11th century. | UNESCO |
| There are few threats to the property itself, but the areas immediately beyond the moat and the wider setting of the Tower, an ensemble that was created to dominate its surroundings, have been eroded. | UNESCO |
| The Towerxe2x80x99s landmark siting and visual dominance on the edge of the River Thames, and the impression of great height it once gave, all key aspects of its significance, have to some extent been eroded by tall new buildings in the eastern part of the City of London, some of which predate inscription. | UNESCO |
| The Towerxe2x80x99s physical relationship to both the River Thames and the City of London, as fortress and gateway to the capital, and its immediate and wider setting, including long views, will continue to be threatened by proposals for new development that is inappropriate to the context. | UNESCO |
| Such development could limit the ability to perceive the Tower as being slightly apart from the City, or have an adverse impact on its skyline as viewed from the river. | UNESCO |
| The role of the White Tower as a symbol of Norman power is evident in its massive masonry. | UNESCO |
| Much of the work of Henry III and Edward I, whose additions made the Tower into a model example of a concentric medieval fortress in the 13th and early 14th centuries, survives. | UNESCO |
| The Towerxe2x80x99s association with the development of State institutions, although no longer evident in the physical fabric, is maintained through tradition, documentary records, interpretative material, and the presence of associated artefacts, for example, armour and weaponry displayed by the Royal Armouries. | UNESCO |
| The Tower also retains its original relationship with the surrounding physical elements xe2x80x93 the scaffold site, the Prisonersxe2x80x99 or Water Gate, the dungeons xe2x80x94 that provided the stage for key events in European history, even though the wider context, beyond the moat, has changed. | UNESCO |
| The Tower is no longer in use as a fortress, but its fabric still clearly tells the story of the use and function of the monument over the centuries. | UNESCO |
| The ability of the Tower to reflect its strategic siting and historic relationship to the City of London is vulnerable to proposals for development that do not respect its context and setting. | UNESCO |
| Locally, the Tower of London falls within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is adjoined by the City of London and the London Borough of Southwark. | UNESCO |
| These documents set out a strategic framework of policies aimed at conserving, protecting and enhancing the Outstanding Universal Value of the Tower and its setting. | UNESCO |
| The challenges are also identified in the World Heritage Site Management Plan, which defines the local setting of the Tower and key views within and from it. | UNESCO |