Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Tower of London' has mentioned 'Castle' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Historic castle in central London | WIKI |
| Tower of LondonLocationLondon Borough of Tower HamletsCoordinates51xc2xb030xe2x80xb229xe2x80xb3N 00xc2xb004xe2x80xb234xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf51.50806xc2xb0N 0.07611xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 51.50806; -0.07611AreaCastle: 12 acres (4.9xc2xa0ha)Tower Liberties: 6 acres (2.4xc2xa0ha)Height27 metres (89xc2xa0ft)BuiltWhite Tower: 1078Inner Ward: 1190sRe-built: 1285Wharf expansion: 1377xe2x80x931399Visitors2,984,499xc2xa0(in 2019)[1]OwnerQueen Elizabeth II in right of the Crown[2] UNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeCulturalCriteriaii, ivDesignated1988 (12th session)Referencexc2xa0no.488CountryUnited KingdomRegionEurope and North America Listed Building xe2x80x93 Grade I Listed Building xe2x80x93 Grade II Location of the castle in central London | WIKI |
| The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. | WIKI |
| The White Tower, which gives the entire castle its name, was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 and was a resented symbol of oppression, inflicted upon London by the new ruling elite. | WIKI |
| The castle was also used as a prison from 1100 (Ranulf Flambard) until 1952 (Kray twins),[3] although that was not its primary purpose. | WIKI |
| In the absence of the monarch, the Constable of the Tower is in charge of the castle. | WIKI |
| In the late 15th century, the castle was the prison of the Princes in the Tower. | WIKI |
| Under the Tudors, the Tower became used less as a royal residence, and despite attempts to refortify and repair the castle, its defences lagged behind developments to deal with artillery. | WIKI |
| The zenith of the castle's use as a prison was the 16th and 17th centuries, when many figures who had fallen into disgrace, such as Elizabeth I before she became queen, Sir Walter Raleigh, and Elizabeth Throckmorton, were held within its walls. | WIKI |
| Executions were more commonly held on the notorious Tower Hill to the north of the castle, with 112 occurring there over a 400-year period. | WIKI |
| In the latter half of the 19th century, institutions such as the Royal Mint moved out of the castle to other locations, leaving many buildings empty. | WIKI |
| After the Second World War, damage caused during the Blitz was repaired, and the castle reopened to the public. | WIKI |
| [5] The castle is made up of three "wards", or enclosures. | WIKI |
| The innermost ward contains the White Tower and is the earliest phase of the castle. | WIKI |
| Finally, there is the outer ward which encompasses the castle and was built under Edward I. | WIKI |
| The castle encloses an area of almost 12 acres (4.9 hectares) with a further 6 acres (2.4xc2xa0ha) around the Tower of London constituting the Tower Liberties xe2x80x93 land under the direct influence of the castle and cleared for military reasons. | WIKI |
| [6] The precursor of the Liberties was laid out in the 13th century when Henry III ordered that a strip of land adjacent to the castle be kept clear. | WIKI |
| The White Tower is a keep (also known as a donjon), which was often the strongest structure in a medieval castle, and contained lodgings suitable for the lord xe2x80x93 in this case, the king or his representative. | WIKI |
| [23] It was similar to, although slightly smaller than, that also built by Henry III at Winchester Castle. | WIKI |
| The inner ward was created during Richard the Lionheart's reign, when a moat was dug to the west of the innermost ward, effectively doubling the castle's size. | WIKI |
| As a result of Henry's expansion, St Peter ad Vincula, a Norman chapel which had previously stood outside the Tower, was incorporated into the castle. | WIKI |
| [36] Immediately west of Wakefield Tower, the Bloody Tower was built at the same time as the inner ward's curtain wall, and as a water-gate provided access to the castle from the River Thames. | WIKI |
| [40] The castle buildings were remodelled during the Stuart period, mostly under the auspices of the Office of Ordnance. | WIKI |
| A third ward was created during Edward I's extension to the Tower, as the narrow enclosure completely surrounded the castle. | WIKI |
| At the same time a bastion known as Legge's Mount was built at the castle's northwest corner. | WIKI |
| [46] A new 50-metre (160xc2xa0ft) moat was dug beyond the castle's new limits;[47] it was originally 4.5 metres (15xc2xa0ft) deeper in the middle than it is today. | WIKI |
| In this wall, he built St Thomas's Tower between 1275 and 1279; later known as Traitors' Gate, it replaced the Bloody Tower as the castle's water-gate. | WIKI |
| The dock was covered with arrowslits in case of an attack on the castle from the River; there was also a portcullis at the entrance to control who entered. | WIKI |
| William sent an advance party to prepare the city for his entrance, to celebrate his victory and found a castle; in the words of William's biographer, William of Poitiers, "certain fortifications were completed in the city against the restlessness of the huge and brutal populace. | WIKI |
| [57] The other two castles in London xe2x80x93 Baynard's Castle and Montfichet's Castle xe2x80x93 were established at the same time. | WIKI |
| [53] This earliest phase of the castle would have been enclosed by a ditch and defended by a timber palisade, and probably had accommodation suitable for William. | WIKI |
| [61] Work on the White Tower xe2x80x93 which gives the whole castle its name xe2x80x93[12] is usually considered to have begun in 1078, however the exact date is uncertain. | WIKI |
| [12] The White Tower is the earliest stone keep in England, and was the strongest point of the early castle. | WIKI |
| The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 1097 King William II ordered a wall to be built around the Tower of London; it was probably built from stone and likely replaced the timber palisade that arced around the north and west sides of the castle, between the Roman wall and the Thames. | WIKI |
| The castle, which had not been used as a royal residence for some time, was usually left in the charge of a Constable, a post held at this time by Geoffrey de Mandeville. | WIKI |
| The position was usually given to someone of great importance, who might not always be at the castle due to other duties. | WIKI |
| Although the Constable was still responsible for maintaining the castle and its garrison, from an early stage he had a subordinate to help with this duty: the Lieutenant of the Tower. | WIKI |
| The castle probably retained its form as established by 1100 until the reign of Richard I (1189xe2x80x931199). | WIKI |
| [71] The castle was extended under William Longchamp, King Richard's Lord Chancellor and the man in charge of England while he was on crusade. | WIKI |
| The Pipe Rolls record xc2xa32,881 1s 10d spent at the Tower of London between 3 December 1189 and 11 November 1190,[72] from an estimated xc2xa37,000 spent by Richard on castle building in England. | WIKI |
| [73] According to the contemporary chronicler Roger of Howden, Longchamp dug a moat around the castle and tried in vain to fill it from the Thames. | WIKI |
| In the 13th century, Kings Henry III (1216xe2x80x931272) and Edward I (1272xe2x80x931307) extended the castle, essentially creating it as it stands today. | WIKI |
| As a result, he was eager to ensure the Tower of London was a formidable fortification; at the same time Henry was an aesthete and wished to make the castle a comfortable place to live. | WIKI |
| Beginning around 1238, the castle was expanded to the east, north, and north-west. | WIKI |
| The eastern extension took the castle beyond the bounds of the old Roman settlement, marked by the city wall which had been incorporated into the castle's defences. | WIKI |
| While negotiations continued with the barons, the King ensconced himself in the castle, although no army moved to take it. | WIKI |
| Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, marched on London in April 1267 and laid siege to the castle, declaring that custody of the Tower was "not a post to be trusted in the hands of a foreigner, much less of an ecclesiastic". | WIKI |
| [80] Despite a large army and siege engines, Gilbert de Clare was unable to take the castle. | WIKI |
| Although he was rarely in London, Edward I undertook an expensive remodelling of the Tower, costing xc2xa321,000 between 1275 and 1285, over double that spent on the castle during the whole of Henry III's reign. | WIKI |
| [82] Edward I was a seasoned castle builder, and used his experience of siege warfare during the crusades to bring innovations to castle building. | WIKI |
| [82] His programme of castle building in Wales heralded the introduction of the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe, drawing on Eastern influences. | WIKI |
| The western part of Henry III's curtain wall was rebuilt, with Beauchamp Tower replacing the castle's old gatehouse. | WIKI |
| [84] In an effort to make the castle self-sufficient, Edward I also added two watermills. | WIKI |
| [96] Edward II had allowed the Tower of London to fall into a state of disrepair,[39] and by the reign of Edward III the castle was an uncomfortable place. | WIKI |
| Edward III ordered that the castle should be renovated. | WIKI |
| When Richard rode out to meet with Wat Tyler, the rebel leader, a crowd broke into the castle without meeting resistance and looted the Jewel House. | WIKI |
| [99] In the 15th century, there was little building work at the Tower of London, yet the castle still remained important as a place of refuge. | WIKI |
| During this period, the castle also held many distinguished prisoners. | WIKI |
| [102] The castle was once again besieged in 1460, this time by a Yorkist force. | WIKI |
| [36] Even so, this was not sufficient to bring the castle up to the standard of contemporary military fortifications which were designed to withstand powerful artillery. | WIKI |
| As a royal castle, it was used by the monarch to imprison people for various reasons, however these were usually high-status individuals for short periods rather than common citizenry as there were plenty of prisons elsewhere for such people. | WIKI |
| [111] As holding prisoners was originally an incidental role of the Tower xe2x80x93 as would have been the case for any castle xe2x80x93 there was no purpose-built accommodation for prisoners until 1687 when a brick shed, a "Prison for Soldiers", was built to the north-west of the White Tower. | WIKI |
| [112] Although much of the Tower's reputation is exaggerated, the 16th and 17th centuries marked the castle's zenith as a prison, with many religious and political undesirables locked away. | WIKI |
| [116] Before the 20th century, there had been seven executions within the castle on Tower Green; as was the case with Lady Jane Grey, this was reserved for prisoners for whom public execution was considered dangerous. | WIKI |
| London's Trained Bands, a militia force, were moved into the castle in 1640. | WIKI |
| At the time, the castle's accommodation was in such poor condition that he did not stay there the night before his coronation. | WIKI |
| The number of guns at the Tower was reduced from 118 to 45, and one contemporary commentator noted that the castle "would not hold out four and twenty hours against an army prepared for a siege". | WIKI |
| The moat surrounding the castle had become silted over the centuries since it was created despite attempts at clearing it. | WIKI |
| It was still an integral part of the castle's defences, so in 1830 the Constable of the Tower, the Duke of Wellington, ordered a large-scale clearance of several feet of silt. | WIKI |
| It was the last major programme of fortification at the castle. | WIKI |
| He was the last state prisoner to be held at the castle. | WIKI |
| By the end of the century, over 500,000 were visiting the castle every year. | WIKI |
| [135][136] Between 1845 and 1885 institutions such as the Mint which had inhabited the castle for centuries moved to other sites; many of the post-medieval structures left vacant were demolished. | WIKI |
| In 1855, the War Office took over responsibility for manufacture and storage of weapons from the Ordnance Office, which was gradually phased out of the castle. | WIKI |
| When a feature did not meet his expectations of medieval architecture Taylor would ruthlessly remove it; as a result, several important buildings within the castle were pulled down and in some cases post-medieval internal decoration removed. | WIKI |
| Today the castle is a popular tourist attraction. | WIKI |
| On 23 September 1940, during the Blitz, high-explosive bombs damaged the castle, destroying several buildings and narrowly missing the White Tower. | WIKI |
| In the 21st century, tourism is the Tower's primary role, with the remaining routine military activities, under the Royal Logistic Corps, having wound down in the latter half of the 20th century and moved out of the castle. | WIKI |
| They represent the apogee of a type of sophisticated castle design, which originated in Normandy and spread through Norman lands to England and Wales. | UNESCO |
| The additions of Henry III and Edward I, and particularly the highly innovative development of the palace within the fortress, made the Tower into one of the most innovative and influential castle sites in Europe in the 13th and early 14th centuries, and much of their work survives. | UNESCO |
| Colchester, Rochester, Hedingham, Norwich or Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): The White Tower is the example par excellence of the royal Norman castle from the late 11th century. | UNESCO |