Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Tikal National Park' has mentioned 'Tikal' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| For other uses, see Tikal (disambiguation). | WIKI |
| Tikal (/tixcbx88kxc9x91xcbx90l/) (Tikxe2x80x99al in modern Mayan orthography) is the ruin of an ancient city, which was likely to have been called Yax Mutal,[2] found in a rainforest in Guatemala. | WIKI |
| Situated in the department of El Petxc3xa9n, the site is part of Guatemala's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. | WIKI |
| Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya. | WIKI |
| [5] Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC, Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period, c. 200 to 900. | WIKI |
| There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century BC. | WIKI |
| [6] Following the end of the Late Classic Period, no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned. | WIKI |
| Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities, with a long dynastic ruler list, the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments, temples and palaces. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Population 4 Rulers 5 History 5.1 Preclassic 5.2 Early Classic 5.2.1 Tikal and Teotihuacan 5.2.2 Tikal and Copxc3xa1n 5.3 Late Classic 5.3.1 Tikal hiatus 5.3.2 Tikal and Dos Pilas 5.3.3 Tikal after Teotihuacan 5.4 Terminal Classic 5.5 Modern history 6 Site description 6.1 Causeways 6.2 Architectural groups 6.3 Structures 6.4 Altars 6.5 Lintels 6.6 Stelae 6.7 Burials 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links | WIKI |
| Emblem glyph for Tikal (Mutal) | WIKI |
| The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak'al in the Yucatec Maya language; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning "at the waterhole". | WIKI |
| Tikal, however, is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s. | WIKI |
| [8] Tikal may have come to have been called this because Dos Pilas also came to use the same emblem glyph; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name. | WIKI |
| Both Tikal and Calakmul lie near the center of the area. | WIKI |
| [12] Tikal is approximately 303 kilometers (188xc2xa0mi) north of Guatemala City. | WIKI |
| [16] The area around Tikal has been declared as the Tikal National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometers (220xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| [19] Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic kapok (Ceiba pentandra) the sacred tree of the Maya; tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata), and Honduras mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). | WIKI |
| Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in ten reservoirs. | WIKI |
| Archeologists working in Tikal during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use. | WIKI |
| [21] The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1,945 millimeters (76.6xc2xa0in). | WIKI |
| Population estimates for Tikal vary from 10,000 to as high as 90,000 inhabitants. | WIKI |
| [15] The population of Tikal began a continuous curve of growth starting in the Preclassic Period (approximately 2000 BC xe2x80x93 AD 200), with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830, followed by a sharp decline. | WIKI |
| Main article: Rulers of Tikal | WIKI |
| The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers. | WIKI |
| Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period, first appearing around 400xe2x80x93300 BC, including the building of major pyramids and platforms, although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as El Mirador and Nakbe. | WIKI |
| [28][30] At this time, Tikal participated in the widespread Chikanel culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time xe2x80x93 a region that included the entire Yucatan Peninsula including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize. | WIKI |
| In the 1st century AD rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined. | WIKI |
| [28] At the end of the Late Preclassic, the Izapan style art and architecture from the Pacific Coast began to influence Tikal, as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the acropolis and early murals at the city. | WIKI |
| Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal. | WIKI |
| [34] At the beginning of the Early Classic, power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul, in the core of the Maya heartland. | WIKI |
| Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as El Mirador. | WIKI |
| In the Early Classic Tikal rapidly developed into the most dynamic city in the Maya region, stimulating the development of other nearby Maya cities. | WIKI |
| The site was defeated at the end of the Early Classic by Caracol, which rose to take Tikal's place as the paramount center in the southern Maya lowlands. | WIKI |
| [37] The earlier part of the Early Classic saw hostilities between Tikal and its neighbor Uaxactun, with Uaxactun recording the capture of prisoners from Tikal. | WIKI |
| Tikal and Teotihuacan[edit] | WIKI |
| The great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico appears to have decisively intervened in Tikal politics. | WIKI |
| As early as 200 AD Teotihuacan had embassies in Tikal. | WIKI |
| The fourteenth king of Tikal was Chak Tok Ich'aak (Great Jaguar Paw). | WIKI |
| [contradictory] On the same day, Siyah Kxe2x80x99ak' (Fire Is Born) arrived from the west, having passed through El Peru, a site to the west of Tikal, on 8 January. | WIKI |
| These recorded events strongly suggest that Siyah Kxe2x80x99ak' led a Teotihuacan invasion that defeated the native Tikal king, who was captured and immediately executed. | WIKI |
| [43] Siyah K'ak' appears to have been aided by a powerful political faction at Tikal itself;[44] roughly at the time of the conquest, a group of Teotihuacan natives were apparently residing near the Lost World complex. | WIKI |
| [45] He also exerted control over other cities in the area, including Uaxactun, where he became king, but did not take the throne of Tikal for himself. | WIKI |
| [28][46] Within a year, the son of Spearthrower Owl by the name of Yax Nuun Ayiin I (First Crocodile) had been installed as the fifteenth king of Tikal while he was still a boy, being enthroned on 13 September 379. | WIKI |
| [46][47] He reigned for 47 years as king of Tikal, and remained a vassal of Siyah K'ak' for as long as the latter lived. | WIKI |
| It seems likely that Yax Nuun Ayiin I took a wife from the preexisting, defeated, Tikal dynasty and thus legitimized the right to rule of his son, Siyaj Chan K'awiil II. | WIKI |
| Rxc3xado Azul, a small site 100 kilometers (62xc2xa0mi) northeast of Tikal, was conquered by the latter during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin I. | WIKI |
| The site became an outpost of Tikal, shielding it from hostile cities further north, and also became a trade link to the Caribbean. | WIKI |
| Although the new rulers of Tikal were foreign, their descendants were rapidly Mayanized. | WIKI |
| Tikal became the key ally and trading partner of Teotihuacan in the Maya lowlands. | WIKI |
| After being conquered by Teotihuacan, Tikal rapidly dominated the northern and eastern Peten. | WIKI |
| Uaxactun, together with smaller towns in the region, were absorbed into Tikal's kingdom. | WIKI |
| By the middle of the 5th century Tikal had a core territory of at least 25 kilometers (16xc2xa0mi) in every direction. | WIKI |
| Around the 5th century an impressive system of fortifications consisting of ditches and earthworks was built along the northern periphery of Tikal's hinterland, joining up with the natural defenses provided by large areas of swampland lying to the east and west of the city. | WIKI |
| These defenses protected Tikal's core population and agricultural resources, encircling an area of approximately 120 square kilometers (46xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| Tikal and Copxc3xa1n[edit] | WIKI |
| In the 5th century the power of the city reached as far south as Copxc3xa1n, whose founder K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' was clearly connected with Tikal. | WIKI |
| [41] Copxc3xa1n itself was not in an ethnically Maya region and the founding of the Copxc3xa1n dynasty probably involved the direct intervention of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [50] K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' arrived in Copxc3xa1n in December 426 and bone analysis of his remains shows that he passed his childhood and youth at Tikal. | WIKI |
| [51] An individual known as Ajaw K'uk' Mo' (lord K'uk' Mo') is referred to in an early text at Tikal and may well be the same person. | WIKI |
| [51] At the same time, in late 426, Copxc3xa1n founded the nearby site of Quiriguxc3xa1, possibly sponsored by Tikal itself. | WIKI |
| [50] The founding of these two centers may have been part of an effort to impose Tikal's authority upon the southeastern portion of the Maya region. | WIKI |
| [53] The interaction between these sites and Tikal was intense over the next three centuries. | WIKI |
| A long-running rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul began in the 6th century, with each of the two cities forming its own network of mutually hostile alliances arrayed against each other in what has been likened to a long-running war between two Maya superpowers. | WIKI |
| The first of these was Kaloomte' B'alam, who seems to have had a long career as a general at Tikal before becoming co-ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence. | WIKI |
| Tikal hiatus[edit] | WIKI |
| In the mid 6th century, Caracol seems to have allied with Calakmul and defeated Tikal, closing the Early Classic. | WIKI |
| [57] The "Tikal hiatus" refers to a period between the late 6th to late 7th century where there was a lapse in the writing of inscriptions and large-scale construction at Tikal. | WIKI |
| [58] This hiatus in activity at Tikal was long unexplained until later epigraphic decipherments identified that the period was prompted by Tikal's comprehensive defeat at the hands of Calakmul and the Caracol polity in AD 562, a defeat that seems to have resulted in the capture and sacrifice of the king of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [28] The badly eroded Altar 21 at Caracol described how Tikal suffered this disastrous defeat in a major war in April 562. | WIKI |
| [59] It seems that Caracol was an ally of Calakmul in the wider conflict between that city and Tikal, with the defeat of Tikal having a lasting impact upon the city. | WIKI |
| [41] Tikal was not sacked but its power and influence were broken. | WIKI |
| [60] After its great victory, Caracol grew rapidly and some of Tikal's population may have been forcibly relocated there. | WIKI |
| During the hiatus period, at least one ruler of Tikal took refuge with Janaab' Pakal of Palenque, another of Calakmul's victims. | WIKI |
| [61] Calakmul itself thrived during Tikal's long hiatus period. | WIKI |
| The beginning of the Tikal hiatus has served as a marker by which archeologists commonly subdivide the Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology into the Early and Late Classic. | WIKI |
| Tikal and Dos Pilas[edit] | WIKI |
| In 629 Tikal founded Dos Pilas, some 110 kilometers (68xc2xa0mi) to the southwest, as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the Pasixc3xb3n River. | WIKI |
| When he was older, for many years he served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. | WIKI |
| He attacked Tikal in 657, forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak, then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. | WIKI |
| The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. | WIKI |
| For some reason, B'alaj Chan K'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. | WIKI |
| Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. | WIKI |
| [67] Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas, and Caracol. | WIKI |
| In 682, Jasaw Chan K'awiil I erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of kaloomte', so ending the hiatus. | WIKI |
| Tikal after Teotihuacan[edit] | WIKI |
| [69] Jasaw Chan K'awiil I and his heir Yik'in Chan K'awiil continued hostilities against Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal, extending as far as the territory around Lake Petxc3xa9n Itzxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| In 738, Quiriguxc3xa1, a vassal of Copxc3xa1n, Tikal's key ally in the south, switched allegiance to Calakmul, defeated Copxc3xa1n and gained its own independence. | WIKI |
| [50] It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal's southern allies. | WIKI |
| In the 8th century, the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis. | WIKI |
| [73] By the late 8th century and early 9th century, activity at Tikal slowed. | WIKI |
| [74] Increasingly endemic warfare in the Maya region caused Tikal's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself, accelerating the use of intensive agriculture and the corresponding environmental decline. | WIKI |
| [77] During this hiatus, satellite sites traditionally under Tikal's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the Mutal emblem glyph, with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence. | WIKI |
| [70] In 849, Jewel K'awiil is mentioned on a stela at Seibal as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal's once-great power was little more than a memory. | WIKI |
| As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population, the area suffered deforestation, erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels. | WIKI |
| [78] Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost most of their population between 830 and 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly. | WIKI |
| [23] There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic, although an influx of refugees from the Petexbatxc3xban region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources. | WIKI |
| In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much-diminished city of Tikal, as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II in 869. | WIKI |
| This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence. | WIKI |
| The former satellites of Tikal, such as Jimbal and Uaxactun, did not last much longer, erecting their final monuments in 889. | WIKI |
| By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal's population had deserted the city, its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple thatched dwellings were being erected in the city's ceremonial plazas. | WIKI |
| After 950, Tikal was all but deserted, although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins. | WIKI |
| Some of Tikal's population may have migrated to the Peten Lakes region, which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century. | WIKI |
| The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure. | WIKI |
| The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization, the city having been at the forefront of courtly life, art and architecture for over a thousand years, with an ancient ruling dynasty. | WIKI |
| [80] However, new research regarding paleoenvironmental proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal,[81] fouling some reservoirs near the temple and palace with algae blooms, while other reservoirs remained drinkable. | WIKI |
| One of Maudsley's photos of Tikal from 1882, taken after vegetation had been cleared | WIKI |
| Drawing of Tikal by mid-19th-century visitor Eusebio LaraArcheologist Edwin M. Shook, field director of the Tikal Project; Shook was also instrumental in having Tikal established as Guatemala's first National Park. | WIKI |
| In 1525, the Spanish conquistador Hernxc3xa1n Cortxc3xa9s passed within a few kilometers of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters. | WIKI |
| [86] After Spanish friar Andrxc3xa9s de Avendaxc3xb1o became lost in the Petxc3xa9n forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal. | WIKI |
| It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s. | WIKI |
| [19] Some second- or third-hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century, continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century (Stephens and his illustrator Frederick Catherwood heard rumors of a lost city, with white building tops towering above the jungle, during their 1839-40 travels in the region). | WIKI |
| Because of the site's remoteness from modern towns, however, no explorers visited Tikal until Modesto Mxc3xa9ndez and Ambrosio Tut, respectively the commissioner and the governor of Petxc3xa9n, visited it in 1848. | WIKI |
| [88] Several other expeditions came to further investigate, map, and photograph Tikal in the 19th century (including Alfred P. Maudslay in 1881-82) and the early 20th century. | WIKI |
| In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area. | WIKI |
| [89] From 1956 through 1970, major archeological excavations were carried out by the University of Pennsylvania Tikal Project. | WIKI |
| [91] The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site. | WIKI |
| [19] In 1979, the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal, which continued through to 1984. | WIKI |
| Filmmaker George Lucas used Tikal as a filming location for the fictional moon Yavin 4 in the first Star Wars film, Episode IV: A New Hope, which premiered in 1977. | WIKI |
| Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the 50 centavo banknote. | WIKI |
| Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park. | WIKI |
| [19] A site museum has been built at Tikal; it was completed in 1964. | WIKI |
| Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala. | WIKI |
| The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square kilometers (23xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi), much of which has not yet been cleared, mapped, or excavated. | WIKI |
| A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. Puleston and Donald Callender in the 1960s rings Tikal with a 6-meter (20xc2xa0ft) wide trench behind a rampart. | WIKI |
| The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought. | WIKI |
| The North Acropolis, together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south, is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex, thoroughly investigating its construction history. | WIKI |
| [107] It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the Preclassic period at Tikal. | WIKI |
| The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace-type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal. | WIKI |
| There are nine Twin-Pyramid Complexes at Tikal, one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed. | WIKI |
| It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites, such as Yaxha and Ixlu, and they may reflect the extent of Tikal's political dominance in the Late Classic. | WIKI |
| Group Q is a twin-pyramid complex, and is one of the largest at Tikal. | WIKI |
| There are thousands of ancient structures at Tikal and only a fraction of these have been excavated, after decades of archeological work. | WIKI |
| Like other major temples at Tikal, the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels, only the middle of which was carved. | WIKI |
| Temple III (also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at Tikal. | WIKI |
| Temple IV is the tallest temple-pyramid at Tikal, measuring 70 meters (230xc2xa0ft) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb. | WIKI |
| The temple stands 57 meters (187xc2xa0ft) high, making it the second tallest structure at Tikal xe2x80x93 only Temple IV is taller. | WIKI |
| [130] It lies in the southwest portion of Tikal's central core, south of Temple III and west of Temple V.[102][104][131] It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the Late Preclassic;[16] this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un-impacted by later building activity at Tikal. | WIKI |
| Thanks to the new findings, some archeologists believe that 7-11 million Maya people inhabited in the northern Guatemala during the late classical period from 650 to 800 A.D. Lidar digitally removed the tree canopy to reveal ancient remains and showed that Maya cities like Tikal were bigger than previously thought. | WIKI |
| At Tikal, beams of sapodilla wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples. | WIKI |
| A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows: | WIKI |
| Stela 11 was the last monument ever erected at Tikal; it was dedicated in 869 by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II. | WIKI |
| [39] The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the Tikal emblem glyph. | WIKI |
| Its style and iconography is similar to that of Caracol, one of the more important of Tikal's enemies. | WIKI |
| [165] Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at Tikal. | WIKI |
| A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument, the longest to survive from the Early Classic,[163] which describes the arrival of Siyah K'ak' at El Peru and Tikal in January 378. | WIKI |
| [42] It was also the first stela at Tikal to be carved on all four faces. | WIKI |
| [27][32] The dynastic founder of Tikal, Yax Ehb' Xook, has been linked to this tomb, which lies deep in the heart of the North Acropolis. | WIKI |
| Tikal National Park is located in Northern Guatemala's Petxc3xa9n Province within a large forest region often referred to as the Maya Forest, which extends into neighbouring Mexico and Belize. | UNESCO |
| Embedded within the much larger Maya Biosphere Reserve, exceeding two million hectares and contiguous with additional conservation areas, Tikal National Park is one of the few World Heritage properties inscribed according to both natural and cultural criteria for its extraordinary biodiversity and archaeological importance. | UNESCO |
| Tikal, a major Pre-Columbian political, economic and military centre, is one of the most important archaeological complexes left by the Maya civilization. | UNESCO |
| Tikal has enhanced our understanding not only of an extraordinary bygone civilisation but also of cultural evolution more broadly. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (i): Tikal National Park is an outstanding example of the art and human genius of the Maya. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): Tikal National Park has unique elements that illustrate the historic, mythical and biographic data of the Tikal dynastic sequence. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): The archaeological remains at Tikal National Park reflect the cultural evolution of Mayan society from hunter-gathering to farming, with an elaborate religious, artistic and scientific culture. | UNESCO |
| This extension would also be crucial to ensure the protection of archaeological remains which are currently outside the propertyxe2x80x99s boundaries and which are essential attributes to the understanding of the long-term evolution of Tikal as a whole. | UNESCO |
| The conditions of authenticity at Tikal National Park have been largely maintained in the property in terms of location and setting as the surroundings of the site have been retained. | UNESCO |
| Tikal was declared a national monument in 1931 and a national park in 1955, one of Guatemala's first protected areas. | UNESCO |