Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'The Sundarbans' has mentioned 'Forest' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Reserved Forest in Bengal | WIKI |
| [4] The Sundarbans mangrove forest covers an area of about 10,000xc2xa0km2 (3,900xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi), of which forests in Bangladesh's Khulna Division extend over 6,017xc2xa0km2 (2,323xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) and in West Bengal, they extend over 4,260xc2xa0km2 (1,640xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) across the South 24 Parganas and North 24 Parganas districts. | WIKI |
| Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some invertebrates, it appears that there is a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species in the 20th century, and that the ecological quality of the forest is declining. | WIKI |
| [7] The Directorate of Forest is responsible for the administration and management of Sundarban National Park in West Bengal. | WIKI |
| In Bangladesh, a Forest Circle was created in 1993 to preserve the forest, and Chief Conservators of Forests have been posted since. | WIKI |
| The forest is also suffering from increased salinity due to rising sea levels and reduced freshwater supply. | WIKI |
| [8][9] The proposed coal-fired Rampal power station situated 14xc2xa0km (8.7xc2xa0mi) north of the Sundarbans at Rampal Upazila of Bagerhat District in Khulna, Bangladesh, is anticipated to further damage this unique mangrove forest according to a 2016 report by UNESCO. | WIKI |
| The Bengali name Sundarban Bengali: xe0xa6xb8xe0xa7x81xe0xa6xa8xe0xa7x8dxe0xa6xa6xe0xa6xb0xe0xa6xacxe0xa6xa8 means "beautiful forest. | WIKI |
| Alternatively, it has been proposed that the name is a corruption of Samudraban, Shomudrobxc3xb4n ("Sea Forest"), or Chandra-bandhe, the name of a tribe. | WIKI |
| A ruin of a city built by Chand Sadagar has been found in the Baghmara Forest Block. | WIKI |
| [15] The legal status of the forests underwent a series of changes, including the distinction of being the first mangrove forest in the world to be brought under scientific management. | WIKI |
| Systematic management of this forest tract started in the 1860s after the establishment of a Forest Department in the Province of Bengal, in British India. | WIKI |
| The first Forest Management Division to have jurisdiction over the Sundarbans was established in 1869. | WIKI |
| In 1875 a large portion of the mangrove forests was declared as reserved forests under the Forest Act, 1865 (Act VIII of 1865). | WIKI |
| The remaining portions of the forests were declared a reserve forest the following year and the forest, which was so far administered by the civil administration district, was placed under the control of the Forest Department. | WIKI |
| A Forest Division, which is the basic forest management and administration unit, was created in 1879 with the headquarters in Khulna, Bangladesh. | WIKI |
| The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the super confluence of the Hooghly, Padma(both are distributaries of Ganges), Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers across southern Bangladesh. | WIKI |
| The forest covers 10,000xc2xa0km2 (3,900xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) of which about 6,000xc2xa0km2 (2,300xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) are in Bangladesh. | WIKI |
| The interconnected network of waterways makes almost every corner of the forest accessible by boat. | WIKI |
| The fertile soils of the delta have been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. | WIKI |
| The Indian part of the forest is estimated to be about 40 percent, while the Bangladeshi part is 60 percent. | WIKI |
| To the south the forest meets the Bay of Bengal; to the east it is bordered by the Baleswar River and to the north there is a sharp interface with intensively cultivated land. | WIKI |
| The Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests are a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of Bangladesh. | WIKI |
| Besides the sundari, other tree species in the forest include Avicennia, Xylocarpus mekongensis, Xylocarpus granatum, Sonneratia apetala, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops decandra, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizophora mucronata, and Nypa fruticans palms. | WIKI |
| The commonly identifiable vegetation types in the dense Sundarbans mangrove forests are salt water mixed forest, mangrove scrub, brackish water mixed forest, littoral forest, wet forest and wet alluvial grass forests. | WIKI |
| The characteristic tree of the forest is the sundari (Heritiera littoralis), from which the name of the forest had probably been derived. | WIKI |
| New forest accretions is often conspicuously dominated by keora (Sonneratia apetala) and tidal forests. | WIKI |
| The varieties of the forests that exist in Sundarbans include mangrove scrub, littoral forest, saltwater mixed forest, brackish water mixed forest and swamp forest. | WIKI |
| Besides the forest, there are extensive areas of brackish water and freshwater marshes, intertidal mudflats, sandflats, sand dunes with typical dune vegetation, open grassland on sandy soils and raised areas supporting a variety of terrestrial shrubs and trees. | WIKI |
| The management of wildlife is restricted to, firstly, the protection of fauna from poaching, and, secondly, designation of some areas as wildlife sanctuaries where no extraction of forest produce is allowed and where the wildlife face few disturbances. | WIKI |
| Although the fauna of Bangladesh have diminished in recent times[17] and the Sundarbans has not been spared from this decline, the mangrove forest retains several good wildlife habitats and their associated fauna. | WIKI |
| [39] The forest also provides habitat for small wild cats such as the jungle cat (Felis chaus), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), and leopard cat (P. | WIKI |
| The tigers regularly attack and kill humans who venture into the forest, with human deaths ranging from 30 to 100 per year. | WIKI |
| The forest is also rich in bird life, with 286 species including the endemic brown-winged kingfishers (Pelargopsis amauroptera) and the globally threatened lesser adjutants (Leptoptilos javanicus) and masked finfoots (Heliopais personata) and birds of prey such as the ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), white-bellied sea eagles (Haliaeetus leucogaster) and grey-headed fish eagles (Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus). | WIKI |
| Forest inventories reveal a decline in standing volume of the two main commercial mangrove species xe2x80x93 sundari (Heritiera spp.) | WIKI |
| [42][43] Despite a total ban on all killing or capture of wildlife other than fish and some invertebrates, it appears that there is a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species (notably at least six mammals and one important reptile) in the 20th century, and that the "ecological quality of the original mangrove forest is declining". | WIKI |
| The rising sea levels had also submerged around 7,500 hectares (19,000 acres) of forest areas. | WIKI |
| Loss of the mangrove forest will result in the loss of the protective biological shield against cyclones and tsunamis. | WIKI |
| [56][57] The government of Bangladesh rejected the allegations that the coal-based power plant would adversely affect the world's largest mangrove forest. | WIKI |
| It is the single largest source of forest produce in the country. | WIKI |
| The forest provides raw materials for wood-based industries. | WIKI |
| In addition to traditional forest produce like timber, fuelwood, pulpwood etc., large-scale harvest of non-wood forest products such as thatching materials, honey, beeswax, fish, crustacean and mollusc resources of the forest takes place regularly. | WIKI |
| The forest also traps nutrient and sediment, acts as a storm barrier, shore stabiliser and energy storage unit. | WIKI |
| The forest has immense protective and productive functions. | WIKI |
| Constituting 51% of the total reserved forest estate of Bangladesh, it contributes about 41% of total forest revenue and accounts for about 45% of all timber and fuel wood output of the country. | WIKI |
| Non-timber forest products and plantations help generate considerable employment and income opportunities for at least half a million poor coastal people. | WIKI |
| Despite human habitations and a century of economic exploitation of the forest well into the late 1940s, the Sundarbans retained a forest closure of about 70% according to the Overseas Development Administration (ODA) of the United Kingdom in 1980. | WIKI |
| The Directorate of Forest is responsible for the administration and management of Sundarban National Park in West Bengal. | WIKI |
| The park area is divided into two ranges, overseen by range forest officers. | WIKI |
| A new Khulna Forest Circle was created in Bangladesh back in 1993 to preserve the forest, and Chief Conservators of Forests have been posted since. | WIKI |
| The direct administrative head of the Division is the Divisional Forest Officer, based at Khulna, who has a number of professional, subprofessional and support staff and logistic supports for the implementation of necessary management and administrative activities. | WIKI |
| There are 55 compartments in four Forest Ranges and these are clearly demarcated mainly by natural features such as rivers, canals and creeks. | WIKI |
| The Bangladesh part of the forest lies under two forest divisions, and four administrative ranges viz Chandpai (Khulna District), Sarankhola (Khulna), and Burigoalini (Satkhira District) and has sixteen forest stations. | WIKI |
| The West Bengal part of the forest lies under the district of South & North 24 Parganas. | WIKI |
| It is mainly mangrove scrub, forest and swamp. | WIKI |
| This forest is adopted as the setting of Kunal Basu's short story "The Japanese Wife" and the subsequent film adaptation. | WIKI |
| The Sundarbans Reserve Forest (SRF), located in the south-west of Bangladesh between the river Baleswar in the East and the Harinbanga in the West, adjoining to the Bay of Bengal, is the largest contiguous mangrove forest in the world. | UNESCO |
| The immense tidal mangrove forests of Bangladeshsxe2x80x99 Sundarbans Forest Reserve, is in reality a mosaic of islands of different shapes and sizes, perennially washed by brackish water shrilling in and around the endless and mind-boggling labyrinths of water channels. | UNESCO |
| The varied and colourful bird-life found along the waterways of the property is one of its greatest attractions, including 315 species of waterfowl, raptors and forest birds including nine species of kingfisher and the magnificent white-bellied sea eagle. | UNESCO |
| Cyclones and tidal waves cause some damage to the forest along the sea-land interface and have previoulsy caused occasional considerable mortality among some species of fauna such as the spotted deer. | UNESCO |
| The property is composed of three wildlife sanctuaries and has a history of effective national legal protection for its land, forest and aquatic environment since the early 19th century. | UNESCO |
| All three wildlife sanctuaries were established in 1977 under the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act, 1974, having first been gazetted as forest reserves in 1878. | UNESCO |
| Along with the Forest Act, 1927, the Bangladesh Wildlife (Preservation) (Amendment) Act 1974, control activities such as entry, movement, fishing, hunting and extraction of forest produces. | UNESCO |
| There are no recognised local rights within the reserved forest with entry and collection of forest products subject to permits issued by the Forest Department. | UNESCO |
| Subject to a series of successively more comprehensive management plans since its declaration as reserved forest, a focus point of many of these plans is the management of tigers, together with other widlife, as an integral part of forest management that ensures the sustainable harvesting of forest products while maintaining the coastal zone in a way that meets the needs of the local human population. | UNESCO |