Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Surtsey' has mentioned 'Island' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Volcanic island off the coast of Iceland | WIKI |
| Surtsey ("Surtr's island" in Icelandic, Icelandic pronunciation:xc2xa0xe2x80x8b[xcbx88sxcax8frxccxa5(t)sxcbx8ceixcbx90]) is a volcanic island located in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the southern coast of Iceland. | WIKI |
| The eruption lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of 2.7xc2xa0km2 (1.0xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| Since then, wave erosion has caused the island to steadily diminish in size: as of 2012[update], its surface area was 1.3xc2xa0km2 (0.50xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| [2] The most recent survey (2007) shows the island's maximum elevation at 155xc2xa0m (509xc2xa0ft) above sea level. | WIKI |
| The new island was named after Surtr, a fire jxc3xb6tunn or giant from Norse mythology. | WIKI |
| [4] It was intensively studied by volcanologists during its eruption, and afterwards by botanists and other biologists as life forms gradually colonised the originally barren island. | WIKI |
| Vestmannaeyjar also produced the famous eruption of Eldfell on the island of Heimaey in 1973. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Geology 1.1 Formation 1.1.1 Eruption at the surface 1.1.2 Permanent island 1.1.3 Subsequent volcanic activity 2 Recent development 2.1 Future 3 Biology 3.1 Settlement of life 3.1.1 Plant life 3.1.2 Animals 3.1.3 Marine life 3.1.4 Other life 4 Human impact 5 See also 6 References 7 External links | WIKI |
| Surtsey's ash column rises over the newly forming island | WIKI |
| Over the next week, explosions were continuous, and after just a few days the new island, formed mainly of scoria, measured over 500 metres (1,600 feet) in length and had reached a height of 45 metres (148 feet). | WIKI |
| As the eruptions continued, they became concentrated at one vent along the fissure and began to build the island into a more circular shape. | WIKI |
| By 24 November, the island measured about 900 by 650 metres (2,950 by 2,130xc2xa0ft). | WIKI |
| The violent explosions caused by the meeting of lava and sea water meant that the island consisted of a loose pile of volcanic rock (scoria), which was eroded rapidly by North Atlantic storms during the winter. | WIKI |
| However, eruptions more than kept pace with wave erosion, and by February 1964, the island had a maximum diameter of over 1,300 metres (4,300 feet). | WIKI |
| The explosive phreatomagmatic eruptions caused by the easy access of water to the erupting vents threw rocks up to a kilometre (0.6xc2xa0mi) away from the island, and sent ash clouds as high as 10xc2xa0km (6.2xc2xa0mi) up into the atmosphere. | WIKI |
| The loose pile of unconsolidated tephra would quickly have been washed away had the supply of fresh magma dwindled, and large clouds of dust were often seen blowing away from the island during this stage of the eruption. | WIKI |
| The new island was named after the fire jxc3xb6tunn Surtur from Norse mythology (Surts is the genitive case of Surtur, plus -ey, island). | WIKI |
| The journalists jokingly claimed French sovereignty over the island, but Iceland quickly asserted that the new island belonged to it. | WIKI |
| Permanent island[edit] | WIKI |
| By early 1964, though, the continuing eruptions had built the island to such a size that sea water could no longer easily reach the vents, and the volcanic activity became much less explosive. | WIKI |
| These resulted in a hard cap of extremely erosion-resistant rock being laid down on top of much of the loose volcanic pile, which prevented the island from being washed away rapidly. | WIKI |
| Effusive eruptions continued until 1965, by which time the island had a surface area of 2.5xc2xa0km2 (0.97xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| In 1965, the activity on the main island diminished, but at the end of May that year an eruption began at a vent 0.6xc2xa0km (0.37xc2xa0mi) off the northern shore. | WIKI |
| By 28 May, an island had appeared, and was named Syrtlingur ([xcbx88sxc9xaarxccxa5tlixc5x8bkxcax8frxccxa5] Little Surtsey). | WIKI |
| The new island was washed away during early June, but reappeared on 14 June. | WIKI |
| Once the eruptions had ceased, wave erosion rapidly wore the island away, and it disappeared beneath the waves on 24 October. | WIKI |
| During December 1965, more submarine activity occurred 0.9xc2xa0km (0.56xc2xa0mi) southwest of Surtsey, and another island was formed. | WIKI |
| Activity at Jxc3xb3lnir was much weaker than the activity at the main vent, and even weaker than that seen at Syrtlingur, but the island eventually grew to a maximum size of 70xc2xa0m (230xc2xa0ft) in height, covering an area of 0.3xc2xa0km2 (0.12xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi), during July and early August 1966. | WIKI |
| Effusive eruptions on the main island returned on 19 August 1966, with fresh lava flows giving it further resistance to erosion. | WIKI |
| The total volume of lava emitted during the three-and-a-half-year eruption was about one cubic kilometre (0.24xc2xa0cuxc2xa0mi), and the island's highest point was 174 metres (571 feet) above sea level at that time. | WIKI |
| Since the end of the eruption, erosion has seen the island diminish in size. | WIKI |
| A large area on the southeast side has been eroded away completely, while a sand spit called Norxc3xb0urtangi (north point) has grown on the north side of the island. | WIKI |
| It is estimated that about 0.024xc2xa0km3 (0.0058xc2xa0cuxc2xa0mi) of material has been lost due to erosionxe2x80x94this represents about a quarter of the original above-sea-level volume of the island. | WIKI |
| The island of Surtsey in 1999 | WIKI |
| Following the end of the eruption, scientists established a grid of benchmarks against which they measured the change in the shape of the island. | WIKI |
| In the 20xc2xa0years following the end of the eruption, measurements revealed that the island was steadily subsiding and had lost about one metre in height. | WIKI |
| It had several causes: settling of the loose tephra forming the bulk of the volcano, compaction of sea floor sediments underlying the island, and downward warping of the lithosphere due to the weight of the volcano. | WIKI |
| Volcanoes in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago are typically monogenetic, and so the island is unlikely to be enlarged in the future by further eruptions. | WIKI |
| The heavy seas around the island have been eroding it ever since the island appeared, and since the end of the eruption almost half of its original area has been lost. | WIKI |
| The island currently loses about 1.0 hectare (2.5 acres) of its surface area each year. | WIKI |
| As a suspected part of the Iceland plume, this island is unlikely to disappear entirely in the near future. | WIKI |
| In addition, complex chemical reactions within the loose tephra within the island have gradually formed highly erosion resistant tuff material, in a process known as palagonitization. | WIKI |
| Assuming that the current rate does not change, the island will be mostly at or below sea level by 2100. | WIKI |
| However, the rate of erosion is likely to slow as the tougher core of the island is exposed: an assessment assuming that the rate of erosion will slow exponentially suggests that the island will survive for many centuries. | WIKI |
| This allows the natural ecological succession for the island to proceed without outside interference. | WIKI |
| In 2008, UNESCO declared the island a World Heritage Site, in recognition of its great scientific value. | WIKI |
| Mosses and lichens now cover much of the island. | WIKI |
| During the island's first 20xc2xa0years, 20xc2xa0species of plants were observed at one time or another, but only 10 became established in the nutrient-poor sandy soil. | WIKI |
| As birds began nesting on the island, soil conditions improved, and more vascular plant species were able to survive. | WIKI |
| The expansion of bird life on the island has both relied on and helped to advance the spread of plant life. | WIKI |
| Twelve species are now regularly found on the island. | WIKI |
| A gull colony has been present since 1984, although gulls were seen briefly on the shores of the new island only weeks after it first appeared. | WIKI |
| [26][27] Species that have been seen briefly on the island include whooper swans, various species of geese, and common ravens. | WIKI |
| According to a 30 May 2009 report, a golden plover was nesting on the island, with four eggs. | WIKI |
| Soon after the island's formation, seals were seen around the island. | WIKI |
| They soon began basking there, particularly on the northern spit, which grew as the waves eroded the island. | WIKI |
| Seals were found to be breeding on the island in 1983, and a group of up to 70 made the island their breeding spot. | WIKI |
| Grey seals are more common on the island than harbour seals, but both are now well established. | WIKI |
| On the submarine portion of the island, many marine species are found. | WIKI |
| The original arrivals were flying insects, carried to the island by winds and their own power. | WIKI |
| Later insect life arrived on floating driftwood, and both live animals and carcasses washed up on the island. | WIKI |
| The establishment of insect life provided some food for birds, and birds in turn helped many species to become established on the island. | WIKI |
| The only significant human impact is a small prefabricated hut which is used by researchers while staying on the island. | WIKI |
| Surtsey is a new island formed by volcanic eruptions in 1963-67. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ix): Ongoing biological and ecological processes: Surtsey was born as a new volcanic island in 1963-67 and since that time has played a major role in studies of succession and colonisation. | UNESCO |
| The property includes the whole island and an adequate surrounding marine area, and thus all the areas that are essential for the long term conservation of the ecological processes on Surtsey. | UNESCO |
| It is noted that part of the evolution of Surtsey is the process of coastal erosion which has already halved the area of the island and over time is predicted to remove another two thirds leaving only the most resistant core. | UNESCO |
| It is prohibited to go ashore or dive by the island, to disturb the natural features, introduce organisms, minerals and soils or leave waste on the island. | UNESCO |
| It is noted that, as an island ecosystem, there is the potential for human disturbance and pollution from a very wide area. | UNESCO |