Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz' has mentioned 'Jewish' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Religion God in Judaismxc2xa0(names) Principles of faith Mitzvotxc2xa0(613) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Landxc2xa0of Israel Brit Barxc2xa0and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Synagogue Rabbi Texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Talmud Mishnah Gemara Rabbinic Midrash Tosefta Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Zohar Communities Ashkenazim Mizrahim Sephardim Teimanim Beta Israel Gruzinim Juhurim Bukharim Italkim Romanyotim Cochinim Bene Israel Related groups Bnei Anusim Lemba Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Kaifeng Jews Igbo Jews Samaritans Crypto-Jews Mosaic Arabs Subbotniks Noahides Population Judaism by country Lists of Jews Diaspora Historical population comparisons Genetic studies Land of Israel Old Yishuv New Yishuv Israeli Jews Europe Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Asia Afghanistan China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Lebanon Malaysia Philippines Syria Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Libya Morocco South Africa Tunisia Zimbabwe North America Canada United States Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Elxc2xa0Salvador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji Guam Newxc2xa0Zealand Palau Denominations Orthodox Modern Haredi Hasidic Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Haymanot Humanistic Culture Yiddish theatre Dance Humour Minyan Wedding Clothing Niddah Pidyon haben Kashrut Shidduch Zeved habat Conversionxc2xa0to Judaism Hiloni Music Religious Secular Cuisine American Ashkenazi Bukharan Ethiopian Israeli Israelite Mizrahi Sephardic Yemenite Literature Israeli Yiddish American Languages Hebrew Biblical Yiddish Yeshivish Jewish Koine Greek Yevanic Juhuri Shassi Judaeo-Iranian Ladino Ghardaxc3xafa Sign Bukharian Knaanic Zarphatic Italkian Gruzinic Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Berber Judeo-Malayalam History Timeline Name "Judea" Leaders Twelve Tribes of Israel Ancient history Kingdomxc2xa0of Judah Templexc2xa0in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Assyrian captivity Yehud Medinata Second Temple Jerusalemxc2xa0(inxc2xa0Judaism timeline) Hasmonean dynasty Sanhedrin Schisms Pharisees Hellenistic Judaism Jewishxe2x80x93Roman wars History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Christianityxc2xa0and Judaism Hinduismxc2xa0and Judaism Islamicxe2x80x93Jewish relations Middle Ages Golden Age Sabbateans Hasidism Haskalah Emancipation Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Persecution The Holocaust Israel Land of Israel Aliyah Jewish atheism Baal teshuva Arabxe2x80x93Israeli conflict Politics Politics of Israel Judaism and politics World Agudath Israel Anarchism Bundism Feminism Leftism Zionism General Green Labor Neo-Zionism Religious Revisionist Post-Zionism Category Portalvte | WIKI |
| The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321,[2][3] and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000xe2x80x931299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community. | WIKI |
| The Jewish communities of the cities of Mainz, Speyer and Worms became the center of Jewish life during medieval times. | WIKI |
| After the Nazis took power and implemented their antisemitic ideology and policies, the Jewish community was increasingly persecuted. | WIKI |
| The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. | WIKI |
| After the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. | WIKI |
| Beginning around 1990, a spurt of growth was fueled by immigration from the former Soviet Union, so that at the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe,[9] and the majority of German Jews were Russian-speaking. | WIKI |
| By 2018, the Jewish population of Germany had leveled off at 116,000, not including non-Jewish members of households; the total estimated enlarged population of Jews living in Germany, including non-Jewish household members, was close to 225,000. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 From Rome to the Crusades 1.1 Cultural and religious centre of European Jewry 2 A period of massacres (1096xe2x80x931349) 3 In the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 Moses Mendelssohn 3.2 The Jewish Enlightenment 3.3 Reorganization of the German Jewish Community 3.4 Birth of the Reform Movement 4 1815xe2x80x931918 4.1 World War I 5 Weimar years, 1919xe2x80x9333 5.1 Antisemitism 5.2 Intellectuals 6 Jews under the Nazis (1933xe2x80x9345) 7 The Holocaust in Germany 8 Persistence of antisemitism 9 Jews in Germany from 1945 to the reunification 9.1 Jews of West Germany 9.2 Jews of East Germany 10 Jews in the reunited Germany (post-1990) 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 In German 15 External links | WIKI |
| Jewish migration from Roman Italy is considered the most likely source of the first Jews on German territory. | WIKI |
| While the date of the first settlement of Jews in the regions which the Romans called Germania Superior, Germania Inferior, and Magna Germania is not known, the first authentic document relating to a large and well-organized Jewish community in these regions dates from 321[13][14][15][16] and refers to Cologne on the Rhine[17][18][19] (Jewish immigrants began settling in Rome itself as early as 139 BC[20]). | WIKI |
| This decree caused a mixed reaction of people in general in the Frankish empire (including Germany) to the Jews: Jewish people were sought everywhere, as well as avoided. | WIKI |
| This curious combination of circumstances increased Jewish influence and Jews went about the country freely, settling also in the eastern portions (Old Saxony and Duchy of Thuringia). | WIKI |
| A special officer, the Judenmeister, was appointed by the government to protect Jewish privileges. | WIKI |
| The bishops continually argued at the synods for including and enforcing decrees of the canonical law, with the consequence that the majority Christian populace mistrusted the Jewish unbelievers. | WIKI |
| He is described in Jewish historiography as a model of wisdom, humility, and piety, and became known to succeeding generations as the "Light of the Exile". | WIKI |
| [22] In highlighting his role in the religious development of Jews in the German lands, The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901xe2x80x931906) draws a direct connection to the great spiritual fortitude later shown by the Jewish communities in the era of the Crusades: | WIKI |
| The Jewish communities of the cities of Speyer, Worms, and Mainz formed the league of cities which became the center of Jewish life during Medieval times. | WIKI |
| The Takkanot Shum (Hebrew: xd7xaaxd7xa7xd7xa0xd7x95xd7xaa xd7xa9xd7x95"xd7x9dxe2x80x8e "Enactments of ShUM") were a set of decrees formulated and agreed upon over a period of decades by their Jewish community leaders. | WIKI |
| The greatest Jewish teachers and rabbis flocked to the Rhine. | WIKI |
| "[24]:27xe2x80x9328 Gershom's school attracted Jews from all over Europe, including the famous biblical scholar Rashi;[25] and "in the mid-14th century, it had the largest Jewish community in Europe: some 6,000. | WIKI |
| Mobs of French and German Crusaders led by Peter the Hermit ravaged Jewish communities in Speyer, Worms, and Mainz during the Rhineland massacres of 1096. | WIKI |
| The Jewish community of Speyer was saved by the bishop, but 800 were slain in Worms. | WIKI |
| In the Erfurt Massacre of 1349, the members of the entire Jewish community were murdered or expelled from the city, due to superstitions about the Black Death. | WIKI |
| Royal policy and public ambivalence towards Jews helped the persecuted Jews fleeing the German-speaking lands to form the foundations of what would become the largest Jewish community in Europe in what is now Poland/Ukraine/Romania/Belarus/Lithuania. | WIKI |
| Jewish people found a certain degree of protection with the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who claimed the right of possession and protection of all the Jews of the empire. | WIKI |
| However, as soon as Jewish people acquired some property, they were again plundered and driven away. | WIKI |
| This decree, which for years allegedly injured the public credit, is said to have impoverished thousands of Jewish families during the close of the 14th century. | WIKI |
| At this time, as once before in France, Jewish converts spread false reports in regard to the Talmud, but an advocate of the book arose in the person of Johann Reuchlin, the German humanist, who was the first one in Germany to include the Hebrew language among the humanities. | WIKI |
| Though reading German books was forbidden in the 1700s by Jewish inspectors who had a measure of police power in Germany, Moses Mendelson found his first German book, an edition of Protestant theology, at a well-organized system of Jewish charity for needy Talmud students. | WIKI |
| He became the symbol of the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah. | WIKI |
| As early as 1782, he issued the Patent of Toleration for the Jews of Lower Austria, thereby establishing civic equality for his Jewish subjects. | WIKI |
| In Austria, many laws restricting the trade and traffic of Jewish subjects remained in force until the middle of the 19th century in spite of the patent of toleration. | WIKI |
| The promised uniform regulation of Jewish affairs was time and again postponed. | WIKI |
| In the period between 1815 and 1847, no less than 21 territorial laws affecting Jews in the older eight provinces of the Prussian state were in effect, each having to be observed by part of the Jewish community. | WIKI |
| Nevertheless, a few men came forward to promote their cause, foremost among them being Gabriel Riesser (d. 1863), a Jewish lawyer from Hamburg, who demanded full civic equality for his people. | WIKI |
| He won over public opinion to such an extent that this equality was granted in Prussia on April 6, 1848, in Hanover and Nassau on September 5 and on December 12, respectively, and also in his home state of Hamburg, then home to the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. | WIKI |
| The Jewish Enlightenment[edit] | WIKI |
| During the General Enlightenment (the 1600s to late 1700s), many Jewish women began to frequently visit non-Jewish salons and to campaign for emancipation. | WIKI |
| In Western Europe and the German states, observance of Jewish law, Halacha, started to be neglected. | WIKI |
| Some of the elite members of Jewish society knew European languages. | WIKI |
| Absolutist governments in Germany, Austria, and Russia deprived the Jewish community's leadership of its authority and many Jews became 'Court Jews'. | WIKI |
| Using their connections with Jewish businessmen to serve as military contractors, managers of mints, founders of new industries and providers to the court of precious stones and clothing, they gave economic assistance to the local rulers. | WIKI |
| Moses Mendelssohn as another enlightenment thinker was the first Jew to bring secular culture to those living an Orthodox Jewish life. | WIKI |
| Many Jews stopped adhering to Jewish law, and the struggle for emancipation in Germany awakened some doubts about the future of Jews in Europe and eventually led to both immigrations to America and Zionism. | WIKI |
| Some Jews responded to this antisemitism by campaigning for emancipation, while others joined revolutionary movements and assimilated, and some turned to Jewish nationalism in the form of the Zionist Hibbat Zion movement. | WIKI |
| Reorganization of the German Jewish Community[edit] | WIKI |
| The empowerment of the Jews and the rebirth of Jewish science led to a transfer of ancient traditions to the newer generations. | WIKI |
| Religious schools were enforced by the state due to a want for the addition of religious structure to secular education of Jewish children. | WIKI |
| Part of the evolution of the Jewish community was the cultivation of Jewish literature and associations created with teachers, rabbis, and leaders of congregations. | WIKI |
| Another vital part of the reorganization of the Jewish-German community was the heavy involvement of Jewish women in the community and their new tendencies to assimilate their families into a different lifestyle. | WIKI |
| Jewish women were contradicting their view points in the sense that they were modernizing, but they also tried to keep some traditions alive. | WIKI |
| German Jewish mothers were shifting the way they raised their children in ways such as moving their families out of Jewish neighborhoods, thus changing who Jewish children grew up around and conversed with, all in all shifting the dynamic of the then close-knit Jewish community. | WIKI |
| Additionally, Jewish mothers wished to integrate themselves and their families into German society in other ways. | WIKI |
| [30] Because of their mothers, Jewish children participated in walks around the neighborhood, sporting events, and other activities that would mold them into becoming more like their other German peers. | WIKI |
| [30] Because of this, Jewish mothers tried to raise their kids having even better manners than the Protestant children in an effort to combat the pre-existing stereotype put on their children. | WIKI |
| In addition, Jewish mothers put a large emphasis on proper education for their children in hopes that this would help them grow up to be more respected by their communities and eventually lead to prosperous careers. | WIKI |
| While Jewish mothers worked tirelessly on ensuring the assimilation of their families, they also attempted to keep the familial aspect of Jewish traditions. | WIKI |
| They began to look at Shabbat and holidays as less of culturally Jewish days, but more as family reunions of sorts. | WIKI |
| The increasing political centralization of the late 18th and early 19th centuries undermined the societal structure that perpetuated traditional Jewish life. | WIKI |
| Many Jews felt a tension between Jewish tradition and the way they were now leading their lives-religiously- resulting in less tradition. | WIKI |
| The Jewish people have adapted to religious beliefs and practices to the meet the needs of the Jewish people throughout the generation. | WIKI |
| 1890: Gustav Ermann, a Jewish soldier in the German Kaiser's army, born in Saarbrxc3xbccken | WIKI |
| The headstones of the fallen Jewish soldiers who fought for Germany in World War I were removed during World War II, and were later replaced. | WIKI |
| A leaflet published in 1920 by the Reichsbund jxc3xbcdischer Frontsoldaten (German Jewish veterans organization) in response to accusations of lack of patriotism: Inscription on the tomb: "12,000 Jewish soldiers died on the field of honor for the fatherland". | WIKI |
| Willi Ermann of Saarbrxc3xbccken, a German Jewish soldier in World War I: Ermann was murdered at Auschwitz in the Holocaust. | WIKI |
| Jewish property was destroyed, and many Jews were killed. | WIKI |
| In the Free City of Frankfurt, only 12 Jewish couples were allowed to marry each year, and the 400,000 gulden the city's Jewish community had paid in 1811 for its emancipation was forfeited. | WIKI |
| A Jewish man who wanted to marry had to purchase a registration certificate, known as a Matrikel, proving he was in a "respectable" trade or profession. | WIKI |
| [34] As a result, most Jewish men were unable to legally marry. | WIKI |
| Emigration eventually swelled, with some German Jewish communities losing up to 70% of their members. | WIKI |
| At one point, a German-Jewish newspaper reported that all the young Jewish males in the Franconian towns of Hagenbach, Ottingen, and Warnbach had emigrated or were about to emigrate. | WIKI |
| [36] Historian Fritz Stern concludes that by 1900, what had emerged was a Jewish-German symbiosis, where German Jews had merged elements of German and Jewish culture into a unique new one. | WIKI |
| Marriages between Jews and non-Jews became somewhat common from the 19th century; for example, the wife of German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann was Jewish. | WIKI |
| [37] Some historians believe that with emancipation the Jewish people lost their roots in their culture and began only using German culture. | WIKI |
| However, other historians including Marion A. Kaplan, argue that it was the opposite and Jewish women were the initiators of balancing both Jewish and German culture during Imperial Germany. | WIKI |
| [38] Jewish women played a key role in keeping the Jewish communities in tune with the changing society that was evoked by the Jews being emancipation. | WIKI |
| Jewish women were the catalyst of modernization within the Jewish community. | WIKI |
| Jewish mothers were the only tool families had to linking Judaism with German culture. | WIKI |
| Women had to balance enforcing German traditions while also preserving Jewish traditions. | WIKI |
| Jewish women attempted to create an exterior presence of German while maintaining the Jewish lifestyle inside their homes. | WIKI |
| During the history of the German Empire, there were various divisions within the German Jewish community over its future; in religious terms, Orthodox Jews sought to keep to Jewish religious tradition, while liberal Jews sought to "modernise" their communities by shifting from liturgical traditions to organ music and German-language prayers. | WIKI |
| The Jewish population grew from 512,000 in 1871 to 615,000 in 1910, including 79,000 recent immigrants from Russia, just under one percent of the total. | WIKI |
| While there was partially a desire for vengeance, for many Jews ensuring Russia's Jewish population was saved from a life of servitude was equally important xe2x80x93 one German-Jewish publication stated "We are fighting to protect our holy fatherland, to rescue European culture and to liberate our brothers in the east. | WIKI |
| "[43][44] War fervour was as common amongst Jewish communities as it was amongst ethnic Germans ones. | WIKI |
| The main Jewish organisation in Germany, the Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, declared unconditional support for the war and when 5 August was declared by the Kaiser to be a day of patriotic prayer, synagogues across Germany surged with visitors and filled with patriotic prayers and nationalistic speeches. | WIKI |
| While going to war brought the unsavoury prospect fighting fellow Jews in Russia, France and Britain, for the majority of Jews this severing of ties with Jewish communities in the Entente was accepted part of their spiritual mobilisation for war. | WIKI |
| German Jews often broke ties with Jews of other countries; the Alliance Israxc3xa9lite Universelle, a French organisation that was dedicated to protecting Jewish rights, saw a German Jewish member quit once the war started, declaring that he could not, as a German, belong to a society that was under French leadership. | WIKI |
| Prominent Jewish industrialists and bankers, such as Walter Rathenau and Max Warburg played major roles in supervising the German war economy. | WIKI |
| However, the majority of Jews had little sympathy for the strikers and one Jewish newspaper accused the strikers of "stabbing the frontline army in the back." | WIKI |
| Austrian postcard published in 1919, depicting the legend of Jewish betrayal during WWI | WIKI |
| Author Jay Howard Geller says that four possible responses were available to the German Jewish community. | WIKI |
| The majority of German Jews were only nominally religious and they saw their Jewish identity as only one of several identities; they opted for bourgeois liberalism and assimilation into all phases of German culture. | WIKI |
| A fourth group contained some who embraced hardcore German nationalism and minimized or hid their Jewish heritage. | WIKI |
| Jewish intellectuals and creative professionals were among the leading figures in many areas of Weimar culture. | WIKI |
| German university faculties became universally open to Jewish scholars in 1918. | WIKI |
| Leading Jewish intellectuals on university faculties included physicist Albert Einstein; sociologists Karl Mannheim, Erich Fromm, Theodor Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse; philosophers Ernst Cassirer and Edmund Husserl; communist political theorist Arthur Rosenberg; sexologist and pioneering LGBT advocate Magnus Hirschfeld, and many others. | WIKI |
| Seventeen German citizens were awarded Nobel prizes during the Weimar Republic (1919xe2x80x931933), five of whom were Jewish scientists. | WIKI |
| It published essays and stories by prominent Jewish writers such as Franz Kafka and Leo Hirsch until its liquidation by the Nazi government in 1938. | WIKI |
| Part of a series onThe HolocaustJews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944 Responsibility Nazi Germany People Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Mxc3xbcller Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globoxc4x8dnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glxc3xbccks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Hxc3xb6ss Christian Wirth Joseph Goebbels Ion Antonescu Lxc3xa1szlxc3xb3 Ferenczy Philippe Pxc3xa9tain Organizations Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel (SS) Totenkopfverbxc3xa4nde (SS-TV) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung (SA) Verfxc3xbcgungstruppe (SS-VT) Wehrmacht Trawniki men Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies Racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Madagascar Plan Forced euthanasia Victims Jews Romani people (Gypsies) Poles Soviet POWs Slavs in Eastern Europe Homosexuals People with disabilities Ghettos Biaxc5x82ystok Budapest Kaunas Krakxc3xb3w xc5x81xc3xb3dxc5xba Lublin Lwxc3xb3w Minsk Riga Warsaw Vilnius Jewish ghettos inGerman-occupied Poland List of selected ghettos Camps Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz II-Birkenau Bexc5x82xc5xbcec Chexc5x82mno Jasenovac Majdanek Sajmixc5xa1te Sobibor Treblinka Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz I Bergen-Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars (Italy) Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen-Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrxc3xbcck Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Transnistria (Romania) Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw Transit and collection camps Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Slovakia Serexc4x8f Divisions SS-Totenkopfverbxc3xa4nde Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitxc3xa4tswesen Extermination methods Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation Atrocities Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iaxc5x9fi Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Plungxc4x97 Kaunas Lviv (Lvov) Marseille Tykocin Vel' d'Hiv Wxc4x85sosz Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Czxc4x99stochowa Kamianets-Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaxc5x9bnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest "Final Solution" Wannsee Conference Mogilev Conference Operation "Reinhard" Holocaust trains Extermination camps End of World War II Wola massacre Death marches Resistance Auschwitz Protocols Vrbaxe2x80x93Wetzler report Czesxc5x82aw Mordowicz Jerzy Tabeau Rudolf Vrba Alfrxc3xa9d Wetzler Bricha Jewish partisans Sonderkommando photographs Witold Pilecki Resistance movement in Auschwitz Zwixc4x85zek Organizacji Wojskowej Witold's Report Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Biaxc5x82ystok xc5x81achwa Czxc4x99stochowa International responseJoint Declaration by Members ofthe United Nations Auschwitz bombing debate MS St. Louis Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath Bricha Displaced persons Survivors Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement betweenIsrael and the Federal Republic of Germany Lists Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jewsto death camps Survivors of Sobibor Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescuers of Jews Memorials and museums Resources Bibliography List of books about Nazi Germany The Destruction of theEuropean Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versusintentionalism Remembrance Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Righteous Among the Nations vte | WIKI |
| Taken in March 1933, immediately after the Nazis seized power, this photo shows Nazi SA militants forcing a Jewish lawyer to walk barefoot through the streets of Munich wearing a sign that says "I will never again complain to the police" | WIKI |
| Thus, there was almost no relevant protest against the Jewish persecution on the part of the generals or the leading groups within the Reich government. | WIKI |
| The continuing and exacerbating abuse of Jews in Germany triggered calls throughout March 1933 by Jewish leaders around world for a boycott of German products. | WIKI |
| The Nazis responded with further bans and boycotts against Jewish doctors, shops, lawyers and stores. | WIKI |
| [67] According to a German professor of the history of mathematics, "There is no doubt that most of the German mathematicians who were members of the professional organization collaborated with the Nazis, and did nothing to save or help their Jewish colleagues. | WIKI |
| As of March 1, 1938, government contracts could no longer be awarded to Jewish businesses. | WIKI |
| German Jewish passports could be used to leave, but not to return. | WIKI |
| On November 15 Jewish children were banned from going to normal schools. | WIKI |
| By April 1939, nearly all Jewish companies had either collapsed under financial pressure and declining profits, or had been forced to sell out to the Nazi German government. | WIKI |
| The storefronts of Jewish shops and offices were smashed and vandalized, and many synagogues were destroyed by fire. | WIKI |
| Collectively, the Jews were made to pay back one billion Reichsmark (equivalent to 4 billion 2017 euros) in damages, the fine being raised by confiscating 20 per cent of every Jewish property. | WIKI |
| Increasing antisemitism prompted a wave of Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s. | WIKI |
| Palestine was a popular destination for German Jewish emigration. | WIKI |
| [71] During the Fifth Aliyah, between 1929 and 1939, a total of 250,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestinexe2x80x94more than 55,000 of them from Germany, Austria, or Bohemia. | WIKI |
| Approximately 72% of towns with a Jewish settlement suffered from violent attacks against the Jewish population. | WIKI |
| These German Jews were joined by approximately 200,000 displaced persons (DPs), Eastern European Jewish Holocaust survivors. | WIKI |
| Despite hesitations and a long history of antagonism between German Jews (Yekkes) and East European Jews (Ostjuden), the two disparate groups united to form the basis of a new Jewish community. | WIKI |
| The Jewish community in West Germany from the 1950s to the 1970s was characterized by its social conservatism and generally private nature. | WIKI |
| Although there were Jewish elementary schools in West Berlin, Frankfurt, and Munich, the community had a very high average age. | WIKI |
| In the 1980s, a college for Jewish studies was established in Heidelberg; however, a disproportionate number of its students were not Jewish. | WIKI |
| Although the Jewish community of Germany did not have the same impact as the pre-1933 community, some Jews were prominent in German public life, including Hamburg mayor Herbert Weichmann; Schleswig-Holstein Minister of Justice (and Deputy Chief Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court) Rudolf Katz; Hesse Attorney General Fritz Bauer; former Hesse Minister of Economics Heinz-Herbert Karry; West Berlin politician Jeanette Wolff; television personalities Hugo Egon Balder, Hans Rosenthal, Ilja Richter, Inge Meysel, and Michel Friedman; Jewish communal leaders Heinz Galinski, Ignatz Bubis, Paul Spiegel, and Charlotte Knobloch (see: Central Council of Jews in Germany), and Germany's most influential literary critic, Marcel Reich-Ranicki. | WIKI |
| The Jewish community of communist East Germany numbered only a few hundred active members. | WIKI |
| Most such politically engaged Jews were not religious or active in the official Jewish community. | WIKI |
| Historical German Jewish populationYearPop.xc2xb1%1871512,158xe2x80x94xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa0xc2xa01880562,612+9.9%1890567,884+0.9%1900586,833+3.3%1910615,021+4.8%1925564,379xe2x88x928.2%1933503,000xe2x88x9210.9%1939234,000xe2x88x9253.5%1941164,000xe2x88x9229.9%195037,000xe2x88x9277.4%199030,000xe2x88x9218.9%199560,000+100.0%2002100,000+66.7%2011119,000+19.0%Source: *[81] [82] [83] [84] | WIKI |
| The end of the Cold War contributed to a growth of the Jewish community of Germany. | WIKI |
| An important step for the renaissance of Jewish life in Germany occurred in 1990 when Helmut Kohl convened with Heinz Galinski, to allow Jewish people from the former Soviet Union to emigrate to Germany, which led to a large Jewish emigration. | WIKI |
| [85] Germany is home to a nominal Jewish population of more than 200,000 (although this number reflects non-Jewish spouses or children who also immigrated under the Quota Refugee Law); 104,024 are officially registered with Jewish religious communities. | WIKI |
| [86] The size of the Jewish community in Berlin is estimated at 120,000 people, or 60% of Germany's total Jewish population. | WIKI |
| [91] There are also a handful of Jewish families from Muslim countries, including Iran, Turkey, Morocco, and Afghanistan. | WIKI |
| Germany has the third-largest Jewish population in Western Europe after France (600,000) and Britain (300,000)[92] and the fastest-growing Jewish population in Europe in recent years. | WIKI |
| The influx of immigrants, many of them seeking renewed contact with their Ashkenazi heritage, has led to a renaissance of Jewish life in Germany. | WIKI |
| Partly owing to the deep similarities between Yiddish and German,[citation needed] Jewish studies have become a popular academic study, and many German universities have departments or institutes of Jewish studies, culture, or history. | WIKI |
| Active Jewish religious communities have sprung up across Germany, including in many cities where the previous communities were no longer extant or were moribund. | WIKI |
| Several cities in Germany have Jewish day schools, kosher facilities, and other Jewish institutions beyond synagogues. | WIKI |
| Additionally, many of the Russian Jews were alienated from their Jewish heritage and unfamiliar or uncomfortable with religion. | WIKI |
| American-style Reform Judaism (which originated in Germany), has re-emerged in Germany, led by the Union of Progressive Jews in Germany, even though the Central Council of Jews in Germany and most local Jewish communities officially adhere to Orthodoxy. | WIKI |
| [99] Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they "are not able to live a normal Jewish life" and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers. | WIKI |
| A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on November 9, 2006 (the 68th anniversary of Kristallnacht), when the newly constructed Ohel Jakob synagogue was dedicated in Munich, Germany. | WIKI |
| Jewish life in the capital Berlin is prospering, the Jewish community is growing, the Centrum Judaicum and several synagoguesxe2x80x94including the largest in Germany[103]xe2x80x94have been renovated and opened, and Berlin's annual week of Jewish culture and the Jewish Cultural Festival in Berlin, held for the 21st time, featuring concerts, exhibitions, public readings and discussions[104][105] can only partially explain why Rabbi Yitzhak Ehrenberg of the orthodox Jewish community in Berlin states: "Orthodox Jewish life is alive in Berlin again. | WIKI |
| [...] Germany is the only European country with a growing Jewish community. | WIKI |
| On August 29, 2012 in Berlin, Daniel Alter, a rabbi in visible Jewish garb, was physically attacked by a group of Arab youths, causing a head wound that required hospitalization. | WIKI |
| Additionally, a group of Jewish children was taunted by unidentified young people on the basis of their religion. | WIKI |