Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'ShUM Sites of Speyer, Worms and Mainz' has mentioned 'Germany' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| German JewsDeutsche Juden (German)xd7x99xd7x94xd7x93xd7x95xd7xaa xd7x92xd7xa8xd7x9exd7xa0xd7x99xd7x94xe2x80x8e (Hebrew)xd7x93xd7x99xd7x99xd7x98xd7xa9xd7xa2 xd7x99xd7x99xd7x93xd7x9f (Yiddish)The location of Germany (dark green) in the European Union (light green)Total population116,000 to 225,000[1]Regions with significant populationsxc2xa0Germany xc2xa0Israel xc2xa0United States xc2xa0Chile xc2xa0Argentina xc2xa0Brazil xc2xa0Mexico xc2xa0Colombia xc2xa0United KingdomLanguagesEnglish, German, Russian, Hebrew, other immigrant languages, YiddishReligionJudaism, agnosticism, atheism or other religionsRelated ethnic groupsOther Ashkenazi Jews, Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, Israelis | WIKI |
| Religion God in Judaismxc2xa0(names) Principles of faith Mitzvotxc2xa0(613) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Landxc2xa0of Israel Brit Barxc2xa0and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Synagogue Rabbi Texts Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Talmud Mishnah Gemara Rabbinic Midrash Tosefta Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Zohar Communities Ashkenazim Mizrahim Sephardim Teimanim Beta Israel Gruzinim Juhurim Bukharim Italkim Romanyotim Cochinim Bene Israel Related groups Bnei Anusim Lemba Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Kaifeng Jews Igbo Jews Samaritans Crypto-Jews Mosaic Arabs Subbotniks Noahides Population Judaism by country Lists of Jews Diaspora Historical population comparisons Genetic studies Land of Israel Old Yishuv New Yishuv Israeli Jews Europe Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Asia Afghanistan China India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Lebanon Malaysia Philippines Syria Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Africa Algeria Egypt Ethiopia Libya Morocco South Africa Tunisia Zimbabwe North America Canada United States Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Elxc2xa0Salvador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji Guam Newxc2xa0Zealand Palau Denominations Orthodox Modern Haredi Hasidic Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Haymanot Humanistic Culture Yiddish theatre Dance Humour Minyan Wedding Clothing Niddah Pidyon haben Kashrut Shidduch Zeved habat Conversionxc2xa0to Judaism Hiloni Music Religious Secular Cuisine American Ashkenazi Bukharan Ethiopian Israeli Israelite Mizrahi Sephardic Yemenite Literature Israeli Yiddish American Languages Hebrew Biblical Yiddish Yeshivish Jewish Koine Greek Yevanic Juhuri Shassi Judaeo-Iranian Ladino Ghardaxc3xafa Sign Bukharian Knaanic Zarphatic Italkian Gruzinic Judeo-Aramaic Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Berber Judeo-Malayalam History Timeline Name "Judea" Leaders Twelve Tribes of Israel Ancient history Kingdomxc2xa0of Judah Templexc2xa0in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Assyrian captivity Yehud Medinata Second Temple Jerusalemxc2xa0(inxc2xa0Judaism timeline) Hasmonean dynasty Sanhedrin Schisms Pharisees Hellenistic Judaism Jewishxe2x80x93Roman wars History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Christianityxc2xa0and Judaism Hinduismxc2xa0and Judaism Islamicxe2x80x93Jewish relations Middle Ages Golden Age Sabbateans Hasidism Haskalah Emancipation Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Persecution The Holocaust Israel Land of Israel Aliyah Jewish atheism Baal teshuva Arabxe2x80x93Israeli conflict Politics Politics of Israel Judaism and politics World Agudath Israel Anarchism Bundism Feminism Leftism Zionism General Green Labor Neo-Zionism Religious Revisionist Post-Zionism Category Portalvte | WIKI |
| The history of the Jews in Germany goes back at least to the year 321,[2][3] and continued through the Early Middle Ages (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (circa 1000xe2x80x931299 CE) when Jewish immigrants founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community. | WIKI |
| The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany. | WIKI |
| From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany. | WIKI |
| In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany. | WIKI |
| Only roughly 214,000 Jews were left in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World War II. | WIKI |
| [8] In May 1943, Germany was declared judenrein (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). | WIKI |
| After the war, the Jewish community in Germany started to slowly grow again. | WIKI |
| Beginning around 1990, a spurt of growth was fueled by immigration from the former Soviet Union, so that at the turn of the 21st century, Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe,[9] and the majority of German Jews were Russian-speaking. | WIKI |
| By 2018, the Jewish population of Germany had leveled off at 116,000, not including non-Jewish members of households; the total estimated enlarged population of Jews living in Germany, including non-Jewish household members, was close to 225,000. | WIKI |
| Currently in Germany, denial of the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (xc2xa7xc2xa0130 StGB) is a criminal act; violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. | WIKI |
| [11] In 2006, on the occasion of the World Cup held in Germany, the then-Interior Minister of Germany Wolfgang Schxc3xa4uble, urged vigilance against far-right extremism, saying: "We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia, or antisemitism. | WIKI |
| "[12] In spite of Germany's measures against these groups and antisemites, a number of incidents have occurred in recent years. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 From Rome to the Crusades 1.1 Cultural and religious centre of European Jewry 2 A period of massacres (1096xe2x80x931349) 3 In the Holy Roman Empire 3.1 Moses Mendelssohn 3.2 The Jewish Enlightenment 3.3 Reorganization of the German Jewish Community 3.4 Birth of the Reform Movement 4 1815xe2x80x931918 4.1 World War I 5 Weimar years, 1919xe2x80x9333 5.1 Antisemitism 5.2 Intellectuals 6 Jews under the Nazis (1933xe2x80x9345) 7 The Holocaust in Germany 8 Persistence of antisemitism 9 Jews in Germany from 1945 to the reunification 9.1 Jews of West Germany 9.2 Jews of East Germany 10 Jews in the reunited Germany (post-1990) 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Historiography 14.2 In German 15 External links | WIKI |
| This decree caused a mixed reaction of people in general in the Frankish empire (including Germany) to the Jews: Jewish people were sought everywhere, as well as avoided. | WIKI |
| Although the Jews in Germany were as ignorant as their contemporaries in secular studies, they could read and understand the Hebrew prayers and the Bible in the original text. | WIKI |
| The First Crusade began an era of persecution of Jews in Germany, especially in the Rhineland. | WIKI |
| From this time onward, for reasons that also apparently concerned taxes, the Jews of Germany gradually passed in increasing numbers from the authority of the emperor to that of both the lesser sovereigns and the cities. | WIKI |
| Jews in Germany remained the victims of a religious hatred that ascribed to them all possible evils. | WIKI |
| When the established Church, threatened in its spiritual power in Germany and elsewhere, prepared for its conflict with the culture of the Renaissance, one of its most convenient points of attack was rabbinic literature. | WIKI |
| At this time, as once before in France, Jewish converts spread false reports in regard to the Talmud, but an advocate of the book arose in the person of Johann Reuchlin, the German humanist, who was the first one in Germany to include the Hebrew language among the humanities. | WIKI |
| Though reading German books was forbidden in the 1700s by Jewish inspectors who had a measure of police power in Germany, Moses Mendelson found his first German book, an edition of Protestant theology, at a well-organized system of Jewish charity for needy Talmud students. | WIKI |
| Most Jews then living in those parts of Germany that allowed them to settle were automatically defined as mere indigenous inhabitants, depending on permits that were typically less generous than those granted to gentile indigenous inhabitants (Einwohner, as opposed to Bxc3xbcrger, or citizen). | WIKI |
| He won over public opinion to such an extent that this equality was granted in Prussia on April 6, 1848, in Hanover and Nassau on September 5 and on December 12, respectively, and also in his home state of Hamburg, then home to the second-largest Jewish community in Germany. | WIKI |
| Absolutist governments in Germany, Austria, and Russia deprived the Jewish community's leadership of its authority and many Jews became 'Court Jews'. | WIKI |
| Many Jews stopped adhering to Jewish law, and the struggle for emancipation in Germany awakened some doubts about the future of Jews in Europe and eventually led to both immigrations to America and Zionism. | WIKI |
| From August to October 1819, pogroms that came to be known as the Hep-Hep riots took place throughout Germany. | WIKI |
| Throughout Germany, Jews were heavily taxed, and were sometimes discriminated against by gentile craftsmen. | WIKI |
| In 1871, with the unification of Germany by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, came their emancipation, but the growing mood of despair among assimilated Jews was reinforced by the antisemitic penetrations of politics. | WIKI |
| However, other historians including Marion A. Kaplan, argue that it was the opposite and Jewish women were the initiators of balancing both Jewish and German culture during Imperial Germany. | WIKI |
| They felt it was their job to raise children that would fit in with bourgeois Germany. | WIKI |
| [39] The typical attitude of German liberals towards Jews was that they were in Germany to stay and were capable of being assimilated; anthropologist and politician Rudolf Virchow summarised this position, saying "The Jews are simply here. | WIKI |
| A higher percentage of German Jews fought in World War I than of any other ethnic, religious or political group in Germany; some 12,000 died for their country. | WIKI |
| Many German Jews supported the war out of patriotism; like many Germans, they viewed Germany's actions as defensive in nature and even left-liberal Jews believed Germany was responding to the actions of other countries, particularly Russia. | WIKI |
| For many Jews it was never a question as to whether or not they would stand behind Germany, it was simply a given that they would. | WIKI |
| The main Jewish organisation in Germany, the Central Association of German Citizens of the Jewish Faith, declared unconditional support for the war and when 5 August was declared by the Kaiser to be a day of patriotic prayer, synagogues across Germany surged with visitors and filled with patriotic prayers and nationalistic speeches. | WIKI |
| Victor Klemperer, a German Jew working for military censors, stated "No, I did not belong to these people, even if one proved my blood relation to them a hundred times over...I belonged to Europe, to Germany, and I thanked my creator that I was German." | WIKI |
| When strikes broke out in Germany towards the end of the war, some Jews supported them. | WIKI |
| There was sporadic antisemitism based on the false allegation that wartime Germany had been betrayed by an enemy within. | WIKI |
| [60] The Centralverein, the major organization of German Jewry, used the court system to vigorously defend Jewry against antisemitic attacks across Germany; it proved generally successful. | WIKI |
| Part of a series onThe HolocaustJews on selection ramp at Auschwitz, May 1944 Responsibility Nazi Germany People Major perpetrators Adolf Hitler Heinrich Himmler Heinrich Mxc3xbcller Reinhard Heydrich Adolf Eichmann Odilo Globoxc4x8dnik Theodor Eicke Richard Glxc3xbccks Ernst Kaltenbrunner Rudolf Hxc3xb6ss Christian Wirth Joseph Goebbels Ion Antonescu Lxc3xa1szlxc3xb3 Ferenczy Philippe Pxc3xa9tain Organizations Nazi Party Gestapo Schutzstaffel (SS) Totenkopfverbxc3xa4nde (SS-TV) Einsatzgruppen Sturmabteilung (SA) Verfxc3xbcgungstruppe (SS-VT) Wehrmacht Trawniki men Collaborators during World War II Nazi ideologues Early policies Racial policy Nazi eugenics Nuremberg Laws Haavara Agreement Madagascar Plan Forced euthanasia Victims Jews Romani people (Gypsies) Poles Soviet POWs Slavs in Eastern Europe Homosexuals People with disabilities Ghettos Biaxc5x82ystok Budapest Kaunas Krakxc3xb3w xc5x81xc3xb3dxc5xba Lublin Lwxc3xb3w Minsk Riga Warsaw Vilnius Jewish ghettos inGerman-occupied Poland List of selected ghettos Camps Nazi extermination camps Auschwitz II-Birkenau Bexc5x82xc5xbcec Chexc5x82mno Jasenovac Majdanek Sajmixc5xa1te Sobibor Treblinka Nazi concentration camps Auschwitz I Bergen-Belsen Bogdanovka Buchenwald Dachau Dora Gonars (Italy) Gross-Rosen Herzogenbusch Janowska Kaiserwald Mauthausen-Gusen Neuengamme Rab Ravensbrxc3xbcck Sachsenhausen Salaspils Stutthof Transnistria (Romania) Theresienstadt Uckermark Warsaw Transit and collection camps Belgium Breendonk Mechelen France Gurs Drancy Italy Bolzano Netherlands Amersfoort Westerbork Slovakia Serexc4x8f Divisions SS-Totenkopfverbxc3xa4nde Concentration Camps Inspectorate Politische Abteilung Sanitxc3xa4tswesen Extermination methods Gas van Gas chamber Extermination through labour Einsatzgruppen Human medical experimentation Atrocities Pogroms Kristallnacht Bucharest Dorohoi Iaxc5x9fi Izieu Szczuczyn Jedwabne Plungxc4x97 Kaunas Lviv (Lvov) Marseille Tykocin Vel' d'Hiv Wxc4x85sosz Einsatzgruppen Babi Yar Bydgoszcz Czxc4x99stochowa Kamianets-Podilskyi Ninth Fort Odessa Piaxc5x9bnica Ponary Rumbula Erntefest "Final Solution" Wannsee Conference Mogilev Conference Operation "Reinhard" Holocaust trains Extermination camps End of World War II Wola massacre Death marches Resistance Auschwitz Protocols Vrbaxe2x80x93Wetzler report Czesxc5x82aw Mordowicz Jerzy Tabeau Rudolf Vrba Alfrxc3xa9d Wetzler Bricha Jewish partisans Sonderkommando photographs Witold Pilecki Resistance movement in Auschwitz Zwixc4x85zek Organizacji Wojskowej Witold's Report Ghetto uprisings Warsaw Biaxc5x82ystok xc5x81achwa Czxc4x99stochowa International responseJoint Declaration by Members ofthe United Nations Auschwitz bombing debate MS St. Louis Nuremberg trials Denazification Aftermath Bricha Displaced persons Survivors Central Committee of the Liberated Jews Reparations Agreement betweenIsrael and the Federal Republic of Germany Lists Holocaust survivors Deportations of French Jewsto death camps Survivors of Sobibor Timeline of Treblinka extermination camp Victims of Nazism Rescuers of Jews Memorials and museums Resources Bibliography List of books about Nazi Germany The Destruction of theEuropean Jews Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos Functionalism versusintentionalism Remembrance Days of remembrance Memorials and museums Righteous Among the Nations vte | WIKI |
| In Germany, according to historian Hans Mommsen, there were three types of antisemitism. | WIKI |
| Besides conservative antisemitism, there existed in Germany a rather silent anti-Judaism within the Catholic Church, which had a certain impact on immunizing the Catholic population against the escalating persecution. | WIKI |
| The third and most vitriolic variety of antisemitism in Germany (and elsewhere) is the so-called vxc3xb6lkisch antisemitism or racism, and this is the foremost advocate of using violence. | WIKI |
| The continuing and exacerbating abuse of Jews in Germany triggered calls throughout March 1933 by Jewish leaders around world for a boycott of German products. | WIKI |
| No new president was appointed; with Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany, he took control of the office of Fxc3xbchrer. | WIKI |
| After the Night of the Long Knives, the Schutzstaffel (SS) became the dominant policing power in Germany. | WIKI |
| The increasingly totalitarian, militaristic regime which was being imposed on Germany by Hitler allowed him to control the actions of the SS and the military. | WIKI |
| Goebbels issued instructions that demonstrations against Jews were to be organized and undertaken in retaliation throughout Germany. | WIKI |
| In the following 3 months some 2,000xe2x80x932,500 of them died in the concentration camps, the rest were released under the condition that they leave Germany. | WIKI |
| Increasing antisemitism prompted a wave of Jewish mass emigration from Germany throughout the 1930s. | WIKI |
| However, as Nazi legislation worsened the Jews' situation, more Jews wished to leave Germany, with a panicked rush in the months after Kristallnacht in 1938. | WIKI |
| [71] During the Fifth Aliyah, between 1929 and 1939, a total of 250,000 Jewish immigrants arrived in Palestinexe2x80x94more than 55,000 of them from Germany, Austria, or Bohemia. | WIKI |
| However, these countries would later be occupied by Germany, and most of them would still fall victim to the Holocaust. | WIKI |
| The Holocaust in Germany[edit] | WIKI |
| Main article: The Holocaust in Germany | WIKI |
| Those that remained in Germany went into hiding and did everything they could to survive. | WIKI |
| [74] On May 19, 1943, only about 20,000 Jews remained and Germany was declared judenrein (clean of Jews; also judenfrei: free of Jews). | WIKI |
| During the medieval period antisemitism flourished in Germany. | WIKI |
| xe2x80x9cTwo waves of the General Social Survey for Germany (ALLBUS 1996 and 2006) asked a set of seven questions about attitudes toward Jews. | WIKI |
| Jews in Germany from 1945 to the reunification[edit] | WIKI |
| [79][80] Most German Jews who survived the war in exile decided to remain abroad; however, a small number returned to Germany. | WIKI |
| When Israel became independent in 1948, most European-Jewish DPs left for the new state; however, 10,000 to 15,000 Jews decided to resettle in Germany. | WIKI |
| Few young adults chose to remain in Germany, and many of those who did married non-Jews. | WIKI |
| Although the Jewish community of Germany did not have the same impact as the pre-1933 community, some Jews were prominent in German public life, including Hamburg mayor Herbert Weichmann; Schleswig-Holstein Minister of Justice (and Deputy Chief Justice of the Federal Constitutional Court) Rudolf Katz; Hesse Attorney General Fritz Bauer; former Hesse Minister of Economics Heinz-Herbert Karry; West Berlin politician Jeanette Wolff; television personalities Hugo Egon Balder, Hans Rosenthal, Ilja Richter, Inge Meysel, and Michel Friedman; Jewish communal leaders Heinz Galinski, Ignatz Bubis, Paul Spiegel, and Charlotte Knobloch (see: Central Council of Jews in Germany), and Germany's most influential literary critic, Marcel Reich-Ranicki. | WIKI |
| Most Jews who settled in East Germany did so either because their pre-1933 homes had been there or because they had been politically leftist before the Nazi seizure of power and, after 1945, wished to build an antifascist, socialist Germany. | WIKI |
| Jews in the reunited Germany (post-1990)[edit] | WIKI |
| See also: Antisemitism in 21st century Germany | WIKI |
| The end of the Cold War contributed to a growth of the Jewish community of Germany. | WIKI |
| An important step for the renaissance of Jewish life in Germany occurred in 1990 when Helmut Kohl convened with Heinz Galinski, to allow Jewish people from the former Soviet Union to emigrate to Germany, which led to a large Jewish emigration. | WIKI |
| [85] Germany is home to a nominal Jewish population of more than 200,000 (although this number reflects non-Jewish spouses or children who also immigrated under the Quota Refugee Law); 104,024 are officially registered with Jewish religious communities. | WIKI |
| [86] The size of the Jewish community in Berlin is estimated at 120,000 people, or 60% of Germany's total Jewish population. | WIKI |
| [87] Today, between 80 and 90 percent of the Jews in Germany are Russian speaking immigrants from the former Soviet Union. | WIKI |
| [88][89] Many Israelis also move to Germany, particularly Berlin, for its relaxed atmosphere and low cost of living. | WIKI |
| [90] Some eventually return to Israel after a period of residence in Germany. | WIKI |
| Germany has the third-largest Jewish population in Western Europe after France (600,000) and Britain (300,000)[92] and the fastest-growing Jewish population in Europe in recent years. | WIKI |
| The influx of immigrants, many of them seeking renewed contact with their Ashkenazi heritage, has led to a renaissance of Jewish life in Germany. | WIKI |
| In 2003, Chabad-Lubavitch of Berlin ordained 10 rabbis, the first rabbis to be ordained in Germany since World War II. | WIKI |
| In 2006, the college announced that it would be ordaining three new rabbis, the first Reform rabbis to be ordained in Germany since 1942. | WIKI |
| Active Jewish religious communities have sprung up across Germany, including in many cities where the previous communities were no longer extant or were moribund. | WIKI |
| Several cities in Germany have Jewish day schools, kosher facilities, and other Jewish institutions beyond synagogues. | WIKI |
| American-style Reform Judaism (which originated in Germany), has re-emerged in Germany, led by the Union of Progressive Jews in Germany, even though the Central Council of Jews in Germany and most local Jewish communities officially adhere to Orthodoxy. | WIKI |
| On January 27, 2003, then German Chancellor Gerhard Schrxc3xb6der signed the first-ever agreement on a federal level with the Central Council, so that Judaism was granted the same elevated, semi-established legal status in Germany as the Roman Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church in Germany, at least since the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany of 1949. | WIKI |
| In Germany it is a criminal act to deny the Holocaust or that six million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust (xc2xa7xc2xa0130 StGB); violations can be punished with up to five years of prison. | WIKI |
| [11] In 2007, the Interior Minister of Germany, Wolfgang Schxc3xa4uble, pointed out the official policy of Germany: "We will not tolerate any form of extremism, xenophobia or antisemitism. | WIKI |
| "[12] Although the number of right-wing groups and organisations grew from 141 (2001)[95] to 182 (2006),[96] especially in the formerly communist East Germany,[12][97][98] Germany's measures against right-wing groups and antisemitism are effective: according to the annual reports of the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution the overall number of far-right extremists in Germany has dropped in recent years from 49,700 (2001),[95] 45,000 (2002),[95] 41,500 (2003),[95] 40,700 (2004),[96] 39,000 (2005),[96] to 38,600 in 2006. | WIKI |
| [96] Germany provided several million euros to fund "nationwide programs aimed at fighting far-right extremism, including teams of traveling consultants, and victims' groups". | WIKI |
| [99] Despite these facts, Israeli Ambassador Shimon Stein warned in October 2006 that Jews in Germany feel increasingly unsafe, stating that they "are not able to live a normal Jewish life" and that heavy security surrounds most synagogues or Jewish community centers. | WIKI |
| A flagship moment for the burgeoning Jewish community in modern Germany occurred on November 9, 2006 (the 68th anniversary of Kristallnacht), when the newly constructed Ohel Jakob synagogue was dedicated in Munich, Germany. | WIKI |
| Jewish life in the capital Berlin is prospering, the Jewish community is growing, the Centrum Judaicum and several synagoguesxe2x80x94including the largest in Germany[103]xe2x80x94have been renovated and opened, and Berlin's annual week of Jewish culture and the Jewish Cultural Festival in Berlin, held for the 21st time, featuring concerts, exhibitions, public readings and discussions[104][105] can only partially explain why Rabbi Yitzhak Ehrenberg of the orthodox Jewish community in Berlin states: "Orthodox Jewish life is alive in Berlin again. | WIKI |
| [...] Germany is the only European country with a growing Jewish community. | WIKI |
| In spite of Germany's measures against right-wing groups and antisemites, a number of incidents have occurred in recent years. | WIKI |
| Over the last few years, Germany has witnessed a sizable migration of young, educated Israeli Jews seeking academic and employment opportunities, with Berlin being their favorite destination. | WIKI |