Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| City in Samarkand Vilayat, Uzbekistan | WIKI |
| Samarkand (/xcbx88sxc3xa6mxc9x99rkxc3xa6nd/; Uzbek: Samarqand; Tajik: xd0xa1xd0xb0xd0xbcxd0xb0xd1x80xd2x9bxd0xb0xd0xbdxd0xb4; Persian: xd8xb3xd9x85xd8xb1xd9x82xd9x86xd8xafxe2x80x8e), also known as Samarqand, is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia. | WIKI |
| There is evidence of human activity in the area of the city from the late Paleolithic Era, though there is no direct evidence of when Samarkand was founded; several theories propose that it was founded between the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. | WIKI |
| The city was conquered by Alexander the Great in 329 BCE, when it was known as Markanda, which was rendered in Greek as (xcex9cxcexb1xcfx81xcexacxcexbaxcexb1xcexbdxcexb4xcexb1). | WIKI |
| [4] The city was ruled by a succession of Iranian and Turkic rulers until it was conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1220. | WIKI |
| The city is noted as a centre of Islamic scholarly study and the birthplace of the Timurid Renaissance. | WIKI |
| The Bibi-Khanym Mosque, rebuilt during the Soviet era, remains one of the city's most notable landmarks. | WIKI |
| Samarkand's Registan square was the city's ancient centre and is bounded by three monumental religious buildings. | WIKI |
| The city has carefully preserved the traditions of ancient crafts: embroidery, goldwork, silk weaving, copper engraving, ceramics, wood carving, and wood painting. | WIKI |
| [6] In 2001, UNESCO added the city to its World Heritage List as Samarkand xe2x80x93 Crossroads of Cultures. | WIKI |
| Modern Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city, and the new city, which was developed during the days of the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. | WIKI |
| The old city includes historical monuments, shops, and old private houses; the new city includes administrative buildings along with cultural centres and educational institutions. | WIKI |
| Researchers at the Institute of Archaeology of Samarkand date the city's founding to the 8thxe2x80x937th centuries BCE. | WIKI |
| Archaeological excavations conducted within the city limits (Syob and midtown) as well as suburban areas (Hojamazgil, Sazag'on) unearthed 40,000-year-old evidence of human activity, dating back to the Upper Paleolithic. | WIKI |
| The Syob and Darg'om canals, supplying the city and its suburbs with water, appeared around the 7thxe2x80x935th centuries BCE (early Iron Age). | WIKI |
| By the time of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, the city had become the capitol of the Sogdian satrapy. | WIKI |
| The city was known as Maracanda by the Greeks. | WIKI |
| While Samarkand suffered significant damage during Alexander's initial conquest, the city recovered rapidly and flourished under the new Hellenic influence. | WIKI |
| This Hellenistic legacy continued as the city became part of various successor states in the centuries following Alexander's death, i.e. | WIKI |
| The armies of the Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim captured the city from the Turks c. 710 CE. | WIKI |
| Samarkand was the major exception to this policy: Qutayba established an Arab garrison and Arab governmental administration in the city, its Zoroastrian fire temples were razed, and a mosque was built. | WIKI |
| [27] Much of the city's population converted to Islam. | WIKI |
| His name is associated with the construction of a multi-kilometer defensive wall around the city and the palace. | WIKI |
| Under Samanid rule the city became a capital of the Samanid dynasty and an even more important node of numerous trade routes. | WIKI |
| Although Genghis Khan "did not disturb the inhabitants [of the city] in any way," Juvaini writes that Genghis killed all who took refuge in the citadel and the mosque, pillaged the city completely, and conscripted 30,000 young men along with 30,000 craftsmen. | WIKI |
| The Travels of Marco Polo, where Polo records his journey along the Silk Road in the late 13th century, describes Samarkand as "a very large and splendid city..."[35] | WIKI |
| Over the next 35 years, he rebuilt most of the city and populated it with great artisans and craftsmen from across the empire. | WIKI |
| The city was in a state of constant construction, and Timur would often order buildings to be done and redone quickly if he was unsatisfied with the results. | WIKI |
| [41] By his orders, Samarkand could be reached only by roads; deep ditches were dug, and walls 8 kilometres (5 miles) in circumference separated the city from its surrounding neighbors. | WIKI |
| [42] At this time, the city had a population of about 150,000. | WIKI |
| [43] Henry III's ambassador Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, who was stationed at Samarkand between 1403 and 1406, attested to the never-ending construction that went on in the city. | WIKI |
| [43] The Shaybanids emerged as the city's leaders at or about this time. | WIKI |
| In 1501, Samarkand was finally taken by Muhammad Shaybani from the Uzbek dynasty of Shaybanids, and the city became part of the newly formed xe2x80x9cBukhara Khanatexe2x80x9d. | WIKI |
| After an assault by the Afshar Shahanshah Nader Shah, the city was abandoned in the early 1720s. | WIKI |
| [50] The revival of the city began during the reign of the founder of the Uzbek dynasty, the Mangyts, Muhammad Rakhim (1756-1758), who became famous for his strong-willed qualities and military art. | WIKI |
| The city came under imperial Russian rule after the citadel had been taken by a force under Colonel Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufman in 1868. | WIKI |
| The Russian section of the city was built after this point, largely west of the old city. | WIKI |
| In 1886, the city became the capital of the newly formed Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan and regained even more importance when the Trans-Caspian railway reached it in 1888. | WIKI |
| [53][54] Additionally, thousands of refugees from the occupied western regions of the USSR fled to the city and it served as one of the main hubs for the fleeing civilians in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic and the Soviet Union as a whole. | WIKI |
| [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68] Tajiks are especially concentrated in the eastern part of the city, where the main architectural landmarks are. | WIKI |
| Thus, for example, in the 1920 census in Samarkand city the Tajiks were recorded as numbering 44,758 and the Uzbeks only 3301. | WIKI |
| Samarkand is also home to large ethnic communities of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Armenians, Azeris, Tatars, Koreans, Poles, and Germans, all of whom live primarily in the centre and western neighborhoods of the city. | WIKI |
| About 95% of signs and inscriptions in the city are in Uzbek, mostly in the Uzbek Latin alphabet). | WIKI |
| Before that, almost all inhabitants of Samarqand were Zoroastrians, and many Nestorians and Buddhists also lived in the city. | WIKI |
| From that point forward, throughout the reigns of many Muslim governing powers, numerous mosques, madrasahs, minarets, [shrine]s, and mausoleums were built in the city. | WIKI |
| Approximately 80-85% of Muslims in the city are Sunni, comprising almost all Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Samarqandian Arabs living therein. | WIKI |
| There are no exact data on the number of Shiites in the city of Samarkand, but the city has several Shiite mosques and madrasas. | WIKI |
| The city then became one of the centres of Nestorianism in Central Asia. | WIKI |
| In the three decades of 1329xe2x80x931359, the Samarkand eparchy of the Roman Catholic Church served several thousand Catholics who lived in the city. | WIKI |
| Christianity reappeared in Samarkand several centuries later, from the mid-19th century onward, after the city was seized by the Russian Empire. | WIKI |
| The city has several active Orthodox churches: Cathedral of St. Alexiy Moscowskiy, Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, and Church of St. George the Victorious. | WIKI |
| By contrast, houses in the west of the city are chiefly European-style homes built in the 19th and 20th centuries. | WIKI |
| Blue was also considered the color that could ward off "the evil eye" in Central Asia; this notion is evidenced by in the number of blue-painted doors in and around the city. | WIKI |
| Furthermore, blue represented water, a particularly rare resource in the Middle East and Central Asia; walls painted blue symbolized the wealth of the city. | WIKI |
| Gold also has a strong presence in the city. | WIKI |
| Timur's fascination with vaulting explains the excessive use of gold in the Gur-i Amir, as well as the use of embroidered gold fabric in both the city and his buildings. | WIKI |
| Buses, mostly SamAuto and Isuzu buses, are the most common and popular mode of transport in the city. | WIKI |
| However, the city had a steam tram in 1924xe2x80x931930, and there were more-modern trams in 1947xe2x80x931973. | WIKI |
| In the north of the city is Samarkand International Airport, which was opened in the 1930s, under the Soviets. | WIKI |
| Modern Samarkand is an important railway center of Uzbekistan; all national eastxe2x80x93west railway routes pass through the city. | WIKI |
| The modern city extends around this historical zone. | UNESCO |
| The different historic phases of Samarkandxe2x80x99s development from Afrosiab to the Temurid city and then to the 19th century development have taken place alongside rather than on top of each other. | UNESCO |
| These various elements which reflect the phases of city expansion have been included within the boundaries of the property. | UNESCO |
| Afrosiab has been partly excavated and the Temurid and European parts of the city are being conserved as living historic urban areas. | UNESCO |
| The operating bodies that influence the conservation and management of the property include the Ministry of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Principal Scientific Board for Preservation and Utilization of Cultural Monuments, the Municipalities of the Samarkand Region and Samarkand city, the Samarkand Regional State Inspection on Protection and Utilization of Cultural Heritage Objects. | UNESCO |