Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System' has mentioned 'Inca' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| For the Frank Zappa song, see Inca Roads (song). | WIKI |
| Inca Empire Inca society Educationxc2xa0xc2xb7 Religionxc2xa0xc2xb7 Mythology Architecturexc2xa0xc2xb7 Engineeringxc2xa0xc2xb7 Roads Armyxc2xa0xc2xb7 Agriculturexc2xa0xc2xb7 Cuisine Inca history Kingdom of Cuscoxc2xa0xc2xb7 Inca Empire (Chimorxe2x80x93Inca Warxc2xa0xc2xb7 Invasion of Chilexc2xa0xc2xb7 Civil Warxc2xa0xc2xb7 Spanish conquest) Neo-Inca State vte | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Extent 1.1 The four routes 2 Purposes of the road 2.1 Transportation 2.2 Trade 2.3 Military 2.4 Religious 3 History 3.1 Inca Empire era 3.2 Colonial era 3.3 Post-colonial and modern times 4 Architecture and engineering of the Inca roads 4.1 Construction and maintenance 4.2 Architectural components 4.2.1 Roadway and pavement 4.2.2 Side walls and stone rows 4.2.3 Furrows 4.2.4 Retaining walls 4.2.5 Drainage 4.2.6 Road marks 4.2.7 Paintings and mock-ups 4.3 Causeways 4.4 Stairways 4.5 Bridges 4.6 Tunnel 4.7 Equipment 5 Inca Trail to Machu Picchu 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links | WIKI |
| {{{2}}} xe2x80x94Pedro Cieza de Lexc3xb3n El Sexc3xb1orxc3xado del Inca. | WIKI |
| More than twenty transversal routes ran over the western mountains, while others traversed the eastern cordillera in the mountains and lowlands, connecting the two main routes and populated areas, administrative centres, agricultural and mining zones, as well as ceremonial centres and sacred spaces in different parts of the vast Inca territory. | WIKI |
| Cusco was the center of Peru: the Inca-Spanish chronicler Inca Garcilaso de la Vega states[13] that "Cozco in the language of the Incas means navel that is the Earth's navel". | WIKI |
| From Quito northwards, the Inca presence is perceived in defensive settlements that mark the advance of the Empire by the Ecuadorian provinces of Carchi and Imbabura and the current Narixc3xb1o Department in Colombia, which in the 16th century was in process of being incorporated into the Inca Empire. | WIKI |
| From there no vestiges of the Inca advance have been found. | WIKI |
| Other researchers[17][18] pointed out additional factors that conditioned the location of Inca settlements and roads, such as the establishment of control zones in an intermediate location with respect to the populations and productive lands of the valleys, the requirement of specific goods, and storage needs, which were favored in the high plains of the Altiplano, characterized by low temperatures and dry climates. | WIKI |
| The use of the Inca roads, in the colonial period, after the Spanish conquest of Peru was mostly discontinued. | WIKI |
| [23] The Conquistadors used the Inca roads to approach the capital city of Cusco, but they used horses and ox carts, which were not usable on such a road, and soon most of the roads were abandoned. | WIKI |
| The Inca had two main uses of transportation on the roads: the chasqui (runners) for relaying information (through the quipus) and lightweight valuables throughout the Empire and llamas caravans for transporting goods. | WIKI |
| Roads and bridges were essential to the political cohesion of the Inca state and to the redistribution of goods within it. | WIKI |
| After conquering a territory and convincing the local lord to become an ally, the Inca distributed valuable gifts, but also took care of developing military-political strategy in extending the road system to cover the new dominated territories. | WIKI |
| [10] The Qhapaq xc3x91an thus became a permanent symbol of the ideological presence of the Inca dominion in the newly conquered place. | WIKI |
| The road system allowed for the displacement of imperial troops, to prepare for new conquests, to quell uprisings and rebellions, but it was also used for sharing with the dominated populations the surplus goods that the Inca produced and stored annually for the purpose of redistribution. | WIKI |
| The Inca coastal road at the Pachacamac Sanctuary | WIKI |
| These shrines were either natural or modified features of the landscape, as well as buildings, where the Inca would visit for worship. | WIKI |
| Some important places of worship were directly connected by the main Inca roads. | WIKI |
| [29][30] Inca Pachakutiq[12] began the transformation and expansion of what decades later would become the Tawantinsuyu. | WIKI |
| Topa Inca Yupanqui succeeded to Pachakutiq, and conquered the Chimu reaching the far north region of Quito around 1463; later he extended the conquests to the jungle region of Charcas and, in the south, to Chile. | WIKI |
| The use of the Inca roads became partial and was adapted to the new political and economic targets of the Colony and later of the Viceroyalty where the economic structure was based on the extraction of minerals and commercial production. | WIKI |
| The reduction of the local population to newly built settlements (known as reducciones, a sort of concentration camps) was among the causes of the abandonment of the Inca roads and the building of new ones to connect the reducciones to the centers of Spanish power. | WIKI |
| Some parts of the Inca roads were still in use in the south of the Altiplano giving access to the main centers for the production of alpaca and vicuxc3xb1a wools, which were in high demand in the international markets. | WIKI |
| Architecture and engineering of the Inca roads[edit] | WIKI |
| Manager of the Inca bridges | WIKI |
| The outcome was a great road network of subcontinental dimensions, which, from Cusco, was directed in the four cardinal directions that marked the territorial division of Tawnatinsuyu, which allowed the Inca and his officers to have knowledge of everything that circulated on the roads, however far away they were. | WIKI |
| The chronicler Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala[37] noted that these authorities were chosen among the noble relatives of the Inca, residents of Cusco. | WIKI |
| The generally zoomorphic painted representations correspond to stylized camelids, in the typical Inca design and color. | WIKI |
| In order to overcome the limitations imposed by the roughness of the relief and the adverse environmental conditions, the Inca engineers designed different solutions. | WIKI |
| A typical example of an Inca suspension (catenary) bridge on the Apurimac River near Huinchiri, Peru | WIKI |
| There is no evidence of other tunnels along the Inca roads. | WIKI |
| Food, clothes, and weapons were also stored and kept ready for the Inca army marching through the territory. | WIKI |
| They were used for ceremonies and for accommodation of diverse nature: members of the Inca or local elites, mitimaes or other travelers. | WIKI |
| At the roadside the chasquiwasis, or relay stations for the Inca messenger chasqui, were frequent. | WIKI |
| Machu Picchu itself was far off the beaten path,[42] and served as a royal estate populated by the ruling Inca and several hundred servants. | WIKI |
| Qhapaq xc3x91an, Andean Road System is an extensive Inca communication, trade and defence network of roads and associated structures covering more than 30,000 kilometres. | UNESCO |
| Several roadside structures provide lasting evidence of valuable resources and goods traded along the network, such as precious metals, muyu (spondylus shell), foodstuffs, military supplies, feathers, wood, coca and textiles transported from the areas where they were collected, produced or manufactured, to Inca centres of various types and to the capital itself. | UNESCO |
| Several communities, who remain custodians of components of this vast Inca communication network, are living reminders of the exchange of cultural values and language. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The Qhapaq xc3x91an is an exceptional and unique testimony to the Inca civilization based on the values and principles of reciprocity, redistribution and duality constructed in a singular system of organization called Tawantinsuyu. | UNESCO |
| Many of these elements were standardized by the Inca State, which allowed for the control of equal conditions along the road network. | UNESCO |