Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Pyu Ancient Cities' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| The Pyu city states (Burmese: xe1x80x95xe1x80xbbxe1x80xb0 xe1x80x99xe1x80xbcxe1x80xadxe1x80xafxe1x80xb7xe1x80x95xe1x80xbc xe1x80x94xe1x80xadxe1x80xafxe1x80x84xe1x80xbaxe1x80x84xe1x80xb6xe1x80x99xe1x80xbbxe1x80xacxe1x80xb8) were a group of city-states that existed from c. 2nd century BCE to c. mid-11th century in present-day Upper Burma (Myanmar). | WIKI |
| Halin, founded in the 1st century AD at the northern edge of Upper Burma, was the largest and most important city until around the 7th or 8th century when it was superseded by Sri Ksetra (near modern Pyay) at the southern edge. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Background 2 Archaeology 3 Decline of Pyu city-states 4 City-states 4.1 Beikthano 4.2 Maingmaw 4.3 Binnaka 4.4 Halin 4.5 Sri Ksetra 4.6 Smaller settlements 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Trade 5.3 Currency 6 Culture 6.1 Religion 6.2 Language and script 6.3 Calendar 7 Architecture 7.1 Irrigation structures 7.2 City planning 7.3 Temple design 8 Demography 9 Administration 10 Current status of the finds 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References | WIKI |
| In that article, the author adds upon his research in other's article, they also recorded old photo of founded place which is already surveyed in nine major burial terraces outside the southern city walls, old Buddhist monuments including the complex at "Beikthano" city and the queen "Panhtwar" cemetery. | WIKI |
| Named after the Hindu god Vishnu, the city may be the first capital of a culturally and perhaps even politically uniform state in the history of Burma. | WIKI |
| The city is bisected by a canal, thought to be contemporary to the city, though no scientific dating has confirmed it. | WIKI |
| The chronicles state that the ruler of Binnaka was responsible for the fall of Tagaung, the city identified by the chronicles as the original home of Burmese speakers. | WIKI |
| Halin or Halingyi (xe1x80x9fxe1x80x94xe1x80xbaxe1x80x9cxe1x80x84xe1x80xbaxe1x80xb8xe1x80x80xe1x80xbcxe1x80xaexe1x80xb8 [hxc9x99lxc9xaaxccx81xc9xb0xccx83dxcax91xc3xad]), located in the Mu valley, one of the largest irrigated regions of precolonial Burma, is the northernmost Pyu city so far discovered. | WIKI |
| The city was rectangular but with curved corners, and brick-walled. | WIKI |
| At 664 hectares, the city was nearly twice the size of Beikthano. | WIKI |
| A river or canal ran through the city. | WIKI |
| This design of the city influenced the city planning of later Burmese cities and the Siamese city of Sukhothai. | WIKI |
| The city's configuration was also found at other contemporary cities such as Maingmaw and Beikthano in the Pyu realm and Danyawaddy and Wethali in Arakan as well as later cities such as Sukhothai, which emerged over a millennium later. | WIKI |
| Structural remains of temples at Halin show that the design of city's temples influenced the 11th to 13th century temples at Pagan. | WIKI |
| The Chinese records state that the city was destroyed by the Nanzhao warriors in 832 CE, with 3000 of its inhabitants taken away. | WIKI |
| However, radiocarbon dating reveals human activity to about 870 CE, nearly four decades after the reported sack of the city. | WIKI |
| The city was founded between the 5th and 7th centuries,[16]:62xe2x80x9363,77although during two of the recent excavations, January to February 2015 and December 2015 to February 2016, led by Janice Stargardt in Yahanda mound at Sri Ksetra, sherds stamped with Buddhist motifs were found, dated from c. 340 +/- 30 CE. | WIKI |
| [26] Sri Ksetra likely overtook Halin as the premier Pyu city by the 7th or 8th century, and retained that status until the Mranma arrived in the 9th century. | WIKI |
| The city was home to at least two dynasties, and maybe three. | WIKI |
| The city's brick walls were 4.5 metres (15xc2xa0ft) high, and had 12 gates with huge devas (deities) guarding the entrances and a pagoda at each of the four corners. | WIKI |
| In the centre of the city was what most scholars think represented the rectangular palace site, 518 by 343 metres (1,699xc2xa0ft xc3x97xc2xa01,125xc2xa0ft), symbolising both a mandala and a zata (horoscope), like in Maingmaw. | WIKI |
| [27] Only the southern half of the city was taken up by the palace, monasteries and houses; the entire northern half consisted of rice fields. | WIKI |
| Together with the moats and walls, this arrangement ensured that the city could withstand a long siege by enemies. | WIKI |
| The economy of the Pyu city states was based on agriculture and trade. | WIKI |
| The culture of Pyu city states was heavily influenced by India. | WIKI |
| City planning[edit] | WIKI |
| The Pyu city plans, consisted of square/rectangles and circles, were a mix of indigenous and Indian designs. | WIKI |
| According to historian Cooler, "the adoption of Indian concepts of city planning incorporated a belief in the efficacy of the world axis that connects the centermost point in a properly constructed Mandala city with the city of the Gods above (Tavatimsa heaven) in order to assure prosperity throughout the kingdom below". | WIKI |
| [17] Pyu-era city practices were the forefathers of the latter-day Burmese city and palace designs down to the 19th century Mandalay. | WIKI |
| By and large, each Pyu city-state appeared to have controlled just the city itself. | WIKI |
| At all three Pyu Ancient City sites, the irrigated landscape of the Pyu era is still impacting on the rural livelihoods of the modern population, while the religious monuments continue to be venerated by Buddhist pilgrims from throughout the region. | UNESCO |
| At or near the centre of each ancient city was an administrative compound containing the palace marking the cosmic hub of the Pyu political and social universe. | UNESCO |
| The urban footprint of each city, demarcated by the well-preserved moated city walls, remains highly legible two millennia after their initial construction. | UNESCO |
| At the site level, to ensure the coordinated protection and management of the three ancient city sites, as well as to integrate the propertyxe2x80x99s conservation into local development planning, a Pyu Ancient Cities Coordinating Committee (PYUCOM) has been established. | UNESCO |