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The text related to the cultural heritage 'Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan' has mentioned 'Teotihuacan' in the following places:
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| Teotihuacan /texc9xaaxcbx8coxcax8atixcbx90wxc9x99xcbx88kxc9x91xcbx90n/[1] (Spanish: Teotihuacxc3xa1n) (Spanish pronunciation:xc2xa0[teotiwa'kan] (listen); modern Nahuatl pronunciationxc2xa0(helpxc2xb7info)) is an ancient Mesoamerican city located in a sub-valley of the Valley of Mexico, which is located in the State of Mexico, 40 kilometers (25xc2xa0mi) northeast of modern-day Mexico City. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan is known today as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas. | WIKI |
| At its zenith, perhaps in the first half of the first millennium (1 AD to 500 AD), Teotihuacan was the largest city in the pre-Columbian Americas, with a population estimated at 125,000 or more,[2][3] making it at least the sixth-largest city in the world during its epoch. | WIKI |
| [4] After the collapse of Teotihuacan, central Mexico was dominated by the Toltecs of Tula until about 1150 AD. | WIKI |
| The city covered eight square miles; 80 to 90 percent of the total population of the valley resided in Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Apart from the pyramids, Teotihuacan is also anthropologically significant for its complex, multi-family residential compounds, the Avenue of the Dead, and its vibrant, well-preserved murals. | WIKI |
| Additionally, Teotihuacan exported fine obsidian tools that are found throughout Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan began as a religious center in the Mexican Highlands around the first century AD. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan was home to multi-floor apartment compounds built to accommodate the large population. | WIKI |
| [2] The term Teotihuacan (or Teotihuacano) is also used for the whole civilization and cultural complex associated with the site. | WIKI |
| Although it is a subject of debate whether Teotihuacan was the center of a state empire, its influence throughout Mesoamerica is well documented; evidence of Teotihuacano presence can be seen at numerous sites in Veracruz and the Maya region. | WIKI |
| The ethnicity of the inhabitants of Teotihuacan is the subject of debate. | WIKI |
| Scholars have suggested that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic state since they find cultural aspects connected to the Maya as well as Oto-Pamean people. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Historical course 2.2 Origins and foundation 2.3 Year 378: Conquest of Tikal 2.4 Year 426: Conquest of Copxc3xa1n and Quiriguxc3xa1 2.5 Zenith 2.6 Collapse 2.7 Aztec Period 3 Culture 3.1 Religion 3.2 Population 3.3 Writing and literature 3.4 Obsidian laboratories 4 Archeological site 4.1 Excavations and investigations 4.1.1 Recent discoveries 4.1.2 Monuments of Teotihuacan 4.2 Site layout 5 Threat from development 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan Location in Greater Mexico City | WIKI |
| The term has been glossed as "birthplace of the gods", or "place where gods were born",[7] reflecting Nahua creation myths that were said to occur in Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| [9] This suggests that, in the Maya civilization of the Classic period, Teotihuacan was understood as a Place of Reeds similar to other Postclassic Central Mexican settlements that took the name of Tollan, such as Tula-Hidalgo and Cholula. | WIKI |
| This naming convention led to much confusion in the early 20th century, as scholars debated whether Teotihuacan or Tula-Hidalgo was the Tollan described by 16th-century chronicles. | WIKI |
| As of January 23, 2018 the name "Teotihuacan" has come under scrutiny by experts, who now feel that the site's name may have been changed by Spanish colonizers in the 16th century. | WIKI |
| The first human establishment in the area dates back to 600 BC, and until 200 BCE there were scattered small villages on the site of the future city of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| It is estimated that the total population of the Teotihuacan Valley during this time was approximately 6,000 inhabitants. | WIKI |
| [12] During the period from 100 BC to 750 AD, Teotihuacan had evolved into a huge urban and administrative center with cultural influences throughout the broader Mesoamerica region. | WIKI |
| The history of the city of Teotihuacan is distinguished by four consecutive periods, known as Teotihuacan I, II, III and IV. | WIKI |
| During this period, Teotihuacan began to grow into a city as farmers working on the hillside of the Teotihuacan Valley began to move down into the valley, coalescing around the abundant springs of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| During this era Teotihuacan exhibited explosive growth that caused it to be the largest metropolis in Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| [13] This influx of new residents caused a reorganization of urban housing to the unique compound complexes that typify Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| During this period, the construction of some of the most well known sites of Teotihuacan, the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon, was completed. | WIKI |
| Period III lasted from the year 350 to 650 AD and is the so-called classical period of Teotihuacan, during which the city reached the apogee of its influence in Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| [16] It was also during this high period when Teotihuacan contained approximately half all people in the Valley of Mexico, becoming a kind of primate city of Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| It marks the end of Teotihuacan as a major power in Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| [13] Following this decline, Teotihuacan continued to be inhabited, though it never reached its previous levels of population. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan and other important Classic Era settlements | WIKI |
| The early history of Teotihuacan is quite mysterious and the origin of its founders is uncertain. | WIKI |
| [18] Teotihuacan was the largest urban center of Mesoamerica before the Aztecs, almost 1000 years prior to their epoch. | WIKI |
| Since Toltec civilization flourished centuries after Teotihuacan, the people could not have been the city's founders. | WIKI |
| Scholars have speculated that the eruption of the Xitle volcano may have prompted a mass emigration out of the central valley and into the Teotihuacan valley. | WIKI |
| These settlers may have founded or accelerated the growth of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Other scholars have put forth the Totonac people as the founders of Teotihuacan and have suggested that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic state since they find diverse cultural aspects connected to the Zapotec, Mixtec, and Maya peoples. | WIKI |
| [20] The builders of Teotihuacan took advantage of the geography in the Basin of Mexico. | WIKI |
| The earliest buildings at Teotihuacan date to about 200 BCE. | WIKI |
| In January 378, while Spearthrower Owl supposedly ruled in Teotihuacan, the warlord Sihyaj K'ahk' conquered Tikal, removing and replacing the Maya king, with support from El Peru and Naachtun, as recorded by Stela 31 at Tikal and other monuments in the Maya region. | WIKI |
| This was not the Teotihuacan state; it was a group of the Feathered-Serpent people, thrown out from the city. | WIKI |
| The nature of political and cultural interactions between Teotihuacan and the centers of the Maya region (as well as elsewhere in Mesoamerica) has been a long-standing and significant area for debate. | WIKI |
| "Teotihuacan-inspired ideologies" and motifs persisted at Maya centers into the Late Classic, long after Teotihuacan itself had declined. | WIKI |
| New discoveries have suggested that Teotihuacan was not much different in its interactions with other centers from the later empires, such as the Toltec and Aztec. | WIKI |
| [28][29] It is believed that Teotihuacan had a major influence on the Preclassic and Classic Maya. | WIKI |
| Architectural styles prominent at Teotihuacan are found widely dispersed at a number of distant Mesoamerican sites, which some researchers have interpreted as evidence for Teotihuacan's far-reaching interactions and political or militaristic dominance. | WIKI |
| [30] A style particularly associated with Teotihuacan is known as talud-tablero, in which an inwards-sloping external side of a structure (talud) is surmounted by a rectangular panel (tablero). | WIKI |
| [31] The talud-tablero style pre-dates its earliest appearance at Teotihuacan in the Early Classic period; it appears to have originated in the Tlaxcala-Puebla region during the Preclassic. | WIKI |
| [32] Analyses have traced the development into local variants of the talud-tablero style at sites such as Tikal, where its use precedes the 5th-century appearance of iconographic motifs shared with Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan is known for producing a great number of obsidian artifacts. | WIKI |
| Inscriptions from Maya cities show that Teotihuacan nobility traveled to, and perhaps conquered, local rulers as far away as Honduras. | WIKI |
| Maya inscriptions note an individual nicknamed by scholars as "Spearthrower Owl", apparently ruler of Teotihuacan, who reigned for over 60 years and installed his relatives as rulers of Tikal and Uaxactun in Guatemala. | WIKI |
| Scholars have based interpretations about the culture at Teotihuacan on archeology, the murals that adorn the site (and others, like the Wagner Murals, found in private collections), and hieroglyphic inscriptions made by the Maya describing their encounters with Teotihuacano conquerors. | WIKI |
| The decline of Teotihuacan has been correlated to lengthy droughts related to the climate changes of 535xe2x80x93536. | WIKI |
| This theory of ecological decline is supported by archeological remains that show a rise in the percentage of juvenile skeletons with evidence of malnutrition during the 6th century, which is why there is different evidence that helps indicate that famine is most likely one of the more possible reasons for the decline of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| ), and pumpkins, but their harvest was not nearly sufficient to feed a population as big as it is believed have lived in Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| [38] Other nearby centers, such as Cholula, Xochicalco, and Cacaxtla, competed to fill the power void left by Teotihuacan's decline. | WIKI |
| They may have aligned themselves against Teotihuacan to reduce its influence and power. | WIKI |
| The art and architecture at these sites emulate Teotihuacan forms, but also demonstrate an eclectic mix of motifs and iconography from other parts of Mesoamerica, particularly the Maya region. | WIKI |
| The sudden destruction of Teotihuacan was common for Mesoamerican city-states of the Classic and Epi-Classic period. | WIKI |
| There is a theory[40] that the collapse of Teotihuacan was caused by the devastation of its agriculture by the 535 CE eruption of the Ilopango volcano in El Salvador. | WIKI |
| Less than a decade later, in 1427, the Aztec Empire formed and Teotihuacan was vassalized once more by the Acolhua. | WIKI |
| Incensario Lid, Teotihuacan style, 400xe2x80x93700 CE, Brooklyn Museum | WIKI |
| Archeological evidence suggests that Teotihuacan was a multi-ethnic city, and while the official languages used by Teotihuacan is unknown, Totonac and Nahua, early forms of which were spoken by the Aztecs, seem to be highly plausible. | WIKI |
| [42] This apparent regionally diverse population of Teotihuacan can be traced back to a natural disaster that occurred prior to its population boom. | WIKI |
| At one point in time, Teotihuacan was rivaled by another basin power, Cuicuilco. | WIKI |
| It is believed that the later exponential growth of Teotihuacan's population was due to the subsequent migration of those displaced by the eruption. | WIKI |
| In the Tzacualli phase (c. 1xe2x80x93150 CE) , Teotihuacan saw a population growth of around 60 to 80 thousand people, most of which are believed to have come from the Mexican basin. | WIKI |
| In 2001, Terrence Kaufman presented linguistic evidence suggesting that an important ethnic group in Teotihuacan was of Totonacan or Mixexe2x80x93Zoquean linguistic affiliation. | WIKI |
| Other scholars maintain that the largest population group must have been of Otomi ethnicity because the Otomi language is known to have been spoken in the area around Teotihuacan both before and after the Classic period and not during the middle period. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan compounds show evidence of being segregated by class, of which three social strata could be distinguished. | WIKI |
| [47] Teotihuacan dwellings that archeologists deemed of higher standard appear to radiate outwards from the Central district and along the Boulevard of the Dead, although there doesn't appear to be neat zonation into highly homogeneous districts. | WIKI |
| [48] These encampments, known as neighborhood centers, show evidence of providing the internal economic backbone for Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| In this way, Teotihuacan developed an internal economic competition that fueled productivity and helped create a social structure of its own that differed from the internal, central structure. | WIKI |
| [51] An important deity in Teotihuacan; most closely associated with the Feathered Serpent Pyramid (Temple of the Feathered Serpent). | WIKI |
| The consensus among scholars is that the primary deity of Teotihuacan was the Great Goddess of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacanos practiced human sacrifice: human bodies and animal sacrifices have been found during excavations of the pyramids at Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Numerous stone masks have been found at Teotihuacan, and have been generally believed to have been used during a funerary context,[60] although some scholars call this into question, noting that masks "do not seem to have come from burials". | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan was one of, or was, the largest population in the Basin of Mexico during its occupation. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan was a large pre-historic city that underwent massive population growth and sustained it over most of the city's occupancy. | WIKI |
| One of Teotihuacanxe2x80x99s neighborhood, Teopancazco, was occupied during most of the time Teotihuacan was as well. | WIKI |
| It showed that Teotihuacan was a multiethnic city that was broken up into areas of different ethnicities and workers. | WIKI |
| This suggests that the population of Teotihuacan was sustained and grew due to people coming into the city, rather than the population reproducing. | WIKI |
| [64] Much of the findings in Teotihuacan suggest that the inhabitants had their own writing style. | WIKI |
| [65] Other societies around Teotihuacan adopted some of the symbols that were used there. | WIKI |
| The processing of obsidian was the most developed art and the main source of wealth in Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Obsidian came mainly from the mines of Pachuca (Teotihuacan) and its processing was the most important industry in the city, which had acquired the monopoly in the trade of obsidian in the broader Middle American region. | WIKI |
| Knowledge of the huge ruins of Teotihuacan was never completely lost. | WIKI |
| Today, Teotihuacan is one of the most noted archeological attractions in Mexico. | WIKI |
| The site of Teotihuacan was the first to be expropriated for the national patrimony under the Law of Monuments (1897), giving jurisdiction under legislation for the Mexican state to take control. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan - Temple of the Feathered Serpent - architectural detail to the right of the steps. | WIKI |
| In August 2010 Gxc3xb3mez Chxc3xa1vez, now director of Tlalocan Project: Underground Road, announced that INAH's investigation of the tunnel xe2x80x93 closed nearly 1,800 years ago by Teotihuacan dwellers xe2x80x93 will proceed. | WIKI |
| This excavation, the deepest made at the Pre-Hispanic site, was part of the commemorations of the 100th anniversary of archeological excavations at Teotihuacan and its opening to the public. | WIKI |
| Two of the figurines were still in their original positions, leaning back and appearing to contemplate up at the axis where the three planes of the universe meet xe2x80x93 likely the founding shamans of Teotihuacan, guiding pilgrims to the sanctuary, and carrying bundles of sacred objects used to perform rituals, including pendants and pyrite mirrors, which were perceived as portals to other realms. | WIKI |
| Monuments of Teotihuacan[edit] | WIKI |
| The city of Teotihuacan was characterized by large and imposing buildings, which included, apart from the complexes of houses, temples, large squares, stadiums and palaces of the rulers, nobles and priests. | WIKI |
| The main monuments of the city of Teotihuacan are connected to each other by a central road of 45 meters wide and a length of 2 kilometers, called "Avenue of the Dead " (Avenida de los Muertos), because it is believed to have been paved with tombs. | WIKI |
| The urban layout of Teotihuacan exhibits two slightly different orientations, which resulted from both astronomical and topographic criteria. | WIKI |
| Another example of artificial landscape modifications is the course of the San Juan River, which was modified to bend around the structures as it goes through the center of town eventually to return to its natural course outside of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| Toilet in Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| The urban grid had great significance to city planners when constructing Teotihuacan, as the cross is pecked into the ground in the Pyramid of the Sun in specific places throughout Teotihuacan in precise degrees and angles over three km in distance. | WIKI |
| The layout of these crosses suggests it was there to work as a grid to the layout of Teotihuacan because they are laid out in a rectangular shape facing the Avenue of the Dead. | WIKI |
| These pecked-cross circles can be found not just in Teotihuacan, but also throughout Mesoamerica. | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan was at that point simply too large and too complex to have been politically viable as a chiefdom. | WIKI |
| The archeological park of Teotihuacan is under threat from development pressures. | WIKI |
| More recently, Teotihuacan has become the center of controversy over Resplandor Teotihuacano, a massive light and sound spectacular installed to create a night time show for tourists. | WIKI |
| Front view of the Pyramid of the Sun Left side view of the Pyramid of the Sun View from the Pyramid of the Sun View from the Pyramid of the Moon Courtyard of the Palace of Quetzalpapxc3xa1lotl Figurines at the local museum Puma mural in the Avenue of the Dead Marble mask, 3rdxe2x80x937th centuries Serpentine mask, 3rdxe2x80x936th centuries Alabaster statue of an Ocelot from Teotihuacan, 5thxe2x80x936th centuries, possibly a ritual container to receive sacrificed human hearts (British Museum)[97] Detail of a collective burial of those sacrificed humans as part of the rites of consecration for the Pyramid of the Feathered Serpent (phase Miccaotli, c. AD 200) In this case, all buried bodies had their hands tied behind their backs. | WIKI |
| A wall painting in Teotihuacan Green Bird Procession, Temple of the Feathered Serpents | WIKI |
| Teotihuacan and its valley bear unique testimony to the pre-urban structures of ancient Mexico. | UNESCO |
| Human occupation of the valley of Teotihuacan began before the Christian era, but it was only between the 1st and the 7th centuries A.D. that the settlement developed into one of the largest ancient cities in the Americas, with at least 25,000 inhabitants. | UNESCO |
| The cityxe2x80x99s urban plan integrated natural elements of the Teotihuacan Valley, such as the San Juan River, whose course was altered to cross the Avenue of the Dead. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (i): The ceremonial ensemble of Teotihuacan represents a unique artistic achievement as much by the enormous size of the monuments (the Pyramid of the Sun, built on a 350 mxc2xb2 terrace, measures 225 x 222 meters at the base, and is 75 meters high, for a total volume of 1 million mxc2xb3) as by the strictness of a layout based on cosmic harmony. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): The influence of the first of the great civilizations of Mesoamerican classic civilizations was exerted over the whole of the central region of Mexico, in Yucatxc3xa1n, and as far away as Guatemala (the site of Kaminaljuyu) during the period of Teotihuacan III. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): Much larger than the narrow zone of the ceremonial center, the archaeological site of Teotihuacan corresponds to a city of at least 25,000 inhabitants. | UNESCO |
| Teotihuacan and its valley bear unique testimony on the pre-urban structures of ancient Mexico. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): Lining the immense Avenue of the Dead, the unique group of sacred monuments and places of worship in Teotihuacan (the Pyramids of the Sun, the Moon and Quetzalcoatl and the Palaces of Quetzalmariposa, the Jaguars, of Yayahuala and others) constitutes an outstanding example of a pre-Columbian ceremonial center. | UNESCO |
| According to writings from the 16th century, the sacrifices practiced by Moctezuma every twenty days on the site attested to the persistence of beliefs, which made Teotihuacan a sacred place of exceptional value. | UNESCO |
| The Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan fully preserves its monumentality, urban design and artistic wealth, as well as the relationship of the architectural structures with the natural environment, including its setting in the landscape. | UNESCO |
| Located 48xc2xa0km northeast of Mexico City, Teotihuacan is one the archaeological sites with the longest history of exploration in Mexico. | UNESCO |
| In general terms, it can be said that the condition of authenticity of the expressions of the Outstanding Universal Values of Teotihuacan, which can be found in its urban layout, monuments and art, has been preserved until today. | UNESCO |
| Teotihuacan is under the custody of the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), which is an agency of the National Council for Culture and the Arts (CONACULTA) and the Ministry of Public Education (SEP). | UNESCO |
| The presidential decrees of 1907 and 1964 that declared the Archaeological Monuments Zone at Teotihuacan were superseded by a new decree in 1988, which defined two additional protective zones (B and C) and augmented the protected area to a total of more than 3381 ha. | UNESCO |
| In 2004 a process of consultation and integration of existing information was initiated, which culminated in 2009 with the publication of the Management Plan 2010-2015 for the Archaeological Monuments Zone of Teotihuacan. | UNESCO |