Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Paris, Banks of the Seine' has mentioned 'Paris' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| ParisCapital city, department and communeFrom top to bottom, left to right: Eiffel Tower on the Seine, Panthxc3xa9on, Jardin du Luxembourg, Pont des Arts with xc3x8ele Saint-Louis and Notre-Dame de Paris in the background, Arc de Triomphe, Palais Garnier, Louvre FlagCoat of armsMotto(s):xc2xa0Fluctuat nec mergitur"Tossed by the waves but never sunk"Location of Paris ParisShow map of FranceParisShow map of xc3x8ele-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48xc2xb051xe2x80xb224xe2x80xb3N 2xc2xb021xe2x80xb208xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf48.856613xc2xb0N 2.352222xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 48.856613; 2.352222Coordinates: 48xc2xb051xe2x80xb224xe2x80xb3N 2xc2xb021xe2x80xb208xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf48.856613xc2xb0N 2.352222xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 48.856613; 2.352222CountryFranceRegionxc3x8ele-de-FranceDepartmentParisIntercommunalityMxc3xa9tropole du Grand ParisSubdivisions20 arrondissementsGovernmentxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Mayor (2020xe2x80x932026) Anne Hidalgo (PS)Area1105.4xc2xa0km2 (40.7xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urbanxc2xa0(2020)2,853.5xc2xa0km2 (1,101.7xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Metroxc2xa0(2020)18,940.7xc2xa0km2 (7,313.0xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Populationxc2xa0(Jan.xc2xa02018)[1]2,175,601xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Density21,000/km2 (53,000/sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urbanxc2xa0(Jan.xc2xa02017[2])10,785,092xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urbanxc2xa0density3,800/km2 (9,800/sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Metroxc2xa0(Jan.xc2xa02017[3])13,024,518xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Metroxc2xa0density690/km2 (1,800/sqxc2xa0mi)Demonym(s)Parisian(s) (en) Parisien, Parisienne (fr)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code75056 /75001-75020, 75116Elevation28xe2x80x93131xc2xa0m (92xe2x80x93430xc2xa0ft) (avg. | WIKI |
| [4] Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of Europe's major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science and arts. | WIKI |
| The City of Paris is the centre and seat of government of the region and province of xc3x8ele-de-France, or Paris Region, which has an estimated population of 12,174,880, or about 18 percent of the population of France as of 2017[update]. | WIKI |
| [6] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey in 2018, Paris was the second most expensive city in the world, after Singapore and ahead of Zxc3xbcrich, Hong Kong, Oslo and Geneva. | WIKI |
| [7] Another source ranked Paris as most expensive, on a par with Singapore and Hong Kong, in 2018. | WIKI |
| Paris is a major railway, highway and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Parisxe2x80x93Charles de Gaulle (the second busiest airport in Europe) and Parisxe2x80x93Orly. | WIKI |
| [13] Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre was the most visited art museum in the world in 2019, with 9.6 million visitors,[14][15] and remained the most-visited art museum in 2020 when the number of visitors dropped to 2.7 million due to the COVID-19 pandemic. | WIKI |
| Other popular tourist sites include the Gothic royal chapel of Sainte-Chapelle, also on the xc3x8ele de la Citxc3xa9; the Eiffel Tower, constructed for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889; the Grand Palais and Petit Palais, built for the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900; the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es, as well as the hill of Montmartre with its artistic history and its Basilica of Sacrxc3xa9-Coeur. | WIKI |
| Paris received 38 million visitors in 2019, measured by hotel stays, with the largest numbers of foreign visitors coming from the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and China. | WIKI |
| The football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Franxc3xa7ais are based in Paris. | WIKI |
| The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. | WIKI |
| Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros. | WIKI |
| Every July, the Tour de France bicycle race finishes on the Avenue des Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es in Paris. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV 2.3 18th and 19th centuries 2.4 20th and 21st centuries 2.4.1 Terrorist attacks 3 Geography 3.1 Location 3.2 Climate 4 Administration 4.1 City government 4.2 Mxc3xa9tropole du Grand Paris 4.3 Regional government 4.4 National government 4.5 Police force 5 Cityscape 5.1 Urbanism and architecture 5.2 Housing 5.3 Paris and its suburbs 6 Demographics 6.1 Migration 6.2 Religion 7 International organisations 8 Economy 8.1 Employment 8.2 Unemployment 8.3 Incomes 8.4 Tourism 8.5 Monuments and attractions 8.6 Hotels 9 Culture 9.1 Painting and sculpture 9.2 Photography 9.3 Museums 9.4 Theatre 9.5 Literature 9.6 Music 9.7 Cinema 9.8 Restaurants and cuisine 9.9 Fashion 9.10 Holidays and festivals 10 Education 10.1 Libraries 11 Sports 12 Infrastructure 12.1 Transport 12.1.1 Railways 12.1.2 Mxc3xa9tro, RER and tramway 12.1.3 Air 12.1.4 Motorways 12.1.5 Waterways 12.1.6 Cycling 12.2 Electricity 12.3 Water and sanitation 12.4 Parks and gardens 12.5 Cemeteries 12.6 Healthcare 13 Media 14 International relations 14.1 Twin towns and sister cities 14.2 Other relationships 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 17.1 Citations 17.2 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External links | WIKI |
| See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French. | WIKI |
| The ancient oppidum that corresponds to the modern city of Paris was first mentioned in the mid-1st century BC by Julius Caesar as Luteciam Parisiorum ('Lutetia of the Parisii'), and is later attested as Parision in the 5th century AD, then as Paris in 1265. | WIKI |
| The name Paris is derived from its early inhabitants, the Parisii, a Gallic tribe from the Iron Age and the Roman period. | WIKI |
| [20] In any case, the city's name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. | WIKI |
| Paris is often referred to as the 'City of Light' (La Ville Lumixc3xa8re),[25] both because of its leading role during the Age of Enlightenment and more literally because Paris was one of the first large European cities to use gas street lighting on a grand scale on its boulevards and monuments. | WIKI |
| [26] By the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps. | WIKI |
| [27] Since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam(e) (pronouncedxc2xa0[panam]) in French slang. | WIKI |
| Main articles: History of Paris and Timeline of Paris | WIKI |
| The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. | WIKI |
| The Romans conquered the Paris Basin in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris' Left Bank. | WIKI |
| By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French. | WIKI |
| [36] Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later "Montmartre", from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there. | WIKI |
| [38] As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. | WIKI |
| Fortification of the xc3x8ele de la Citxc3xa9 failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris' strategic importancexe2x80x94with its bridges preventing ships from passingxe2x80x94was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885xe2x80x9386), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia. | WIKI |
| [39] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified Francia, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France. | WIKI |
| See also: Paris in the Middle Ages, Paris in the 16th century, and Paris in the 17th century | WIKI |
| By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France. | WIKI |
| In 1163, during the reign of Louis VII, Maurice de Sully, bishop of Paris, undertook the construction of the Notre Dame Cathedral at its eastern extremity. | WIKI |
| After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower 'dead arm' to its north was filled in around the 10th century,[41] Paris' cultural centre began to move to the Right Bank. | WIKI |
| [42] The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris' river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris' first municipal government. | WIKI |
| [43] In 1190, he transformed Paris' former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all of Europe. | WIKI |
| With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe. | WIKI |
| The Hxc3xb4tel de Sens, one of many remnants of the Middle Ages in Paris | WIKI |
| During the Hundred Years' War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;[46] in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city,[47] it would remain under English occupation until 1436. | WIKI |
| In the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in which thousands of French Protestants were killed. | WIKI |
| This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris' first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges. | WIKI |
| In spite of Henry IV's efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris' streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in 1610. | WIKI |
| During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe. | WIKI |
| See also: Paris in the 18th century, Paris during the Second Empire, and Haussmann's renovation of Paris | WIKI |
| Paris grew in population from about 400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780. | WIKI |
| Paris was the centre of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity known as the Age of Enlightenment. | WIKI |
| Paris was the financial capital of continental Europe, the primary European centre of book publishing and fashion and the manufacture of fine furniture and luxury goods. | WIKI |
| In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage for the French Revolution. | WIKI |
| Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made prisoners within the Tuileries Palace. | WIKI |
| [60] A succession of revolutionary factions ruled Paris until 9 November 1799 (coup d'xc3xa9tat du 18 brumaire), when Napolxc3xa9on Bonaparte seized power as First Consul. | WIKI |
| The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but between 1799 and 1815, it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000. | WIKI |
| [62] Napoleon Bonaparte replaced the elected government of Paris with a prefect reporting only to him. | WIKI |
| During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place de la Bastille) brought a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I, to power. | WIKI |
| The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city. | WIKI |
| [62] Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. | WIKI |
| [63] In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits. | WIKI |
| In the 1860s, Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, giving it the name "The City of Light"[64] | WIKI |
| During the Franco-Prussian War (1870xe2x80x931871), Paris was besieged by the Prussian Army. | WIKI |
| On 28 March, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune seized power in Paris. | WIKI |
| Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Mxc3xa9tro line. | WIKI |
| [66] Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (xc3x89mile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir). | WIKI |
| See also: Paris in the Belle xc3x89poque, Paris during the First World War, Paris between the Wars (1919xe2x80x931939), Paris in World War II, and History of Paris (1946xe2x80x932000) | WIKI |
| By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000. | WIKI |
| [68] At the beginning of the century, artists from around the world including Pablo Picasso, Modigliani, and Henri Matisse made Paris their home. | WIKI |
| During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. | WIKI |
| [72] In the years after the war, known as Les Annxc3xa9es Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Eva Kotchever, Henry Miller, Anaxc3xafs Nin, Sidney Bechet[73] Allen Ginsberg[74] and the surrealist Salvador Dalxc3xad. | WIKI |
| General Charles de Gaulle on the Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944 | WIKI |
| On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been declared an "open city". | WIKI |
| In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen, leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens). | WIKI |
| The anti-independence Organisation armxc3xa9e secrxc3xa8te (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962. | WIKI |
| [83] In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris since 1793. | WIKI |
| [85] The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs. | WIKI |
| Most of the postwar's Presidents of the Fifth Republic wanted to leave their own monuments in Paris; President Georges Pompidou started the Centre Georges Pompidou (1977), Valxc3xa9ry Giscard d'Estaing began the Musxc3xa9e d'Orsay (1986); President Franxc3xa7ois Mitterrand, in power for 14 years, built the Opxc3xa9ra Bastille (1985xe2x80x931989), the new site of the Bibliothxc3xa8que nationale de France (1996), the Arche de la Dxc3xa9fense (1985xe2x80x931989), and the Louvre Pyramid with its underground courtyard (1983xe2x80x931989); Jacques Chirac (2006), the Musxc3xa9e du quai Branly. | WIKI |
| Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a SkySat satellite. | WIKI |
| In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved into the city. | WIKI |
| In March 2001, Bertrand Delanoxc3xab became the first Socialist Mayor of Paris. | WIKI |
| In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it. | WIKI |
| [90] In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express, totalling 205 kilometres (127 miles) of automated metro lines to connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of xe2x82xac35 billion. | WIKI |
| Further information: 1995 France bombings, Charlie Hebdo shooting, November 2015 Paris attacks, Louvre machete attack, March 2017 xc3x8ele-de-France attacks, and April 2017 Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es attack | WIKI |
| On 7 January 2015, two French Muslim extremists attacked the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and killed thirteen people, in an attack claimed by Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,[94] and on 9 January, a third terrorist, who claimed he was part of ISIL, killed four hostages during an attack at a Jewish grocery store at Porte de Vincennes. | WIKI |
| [95] On 11 January an estimated 1.5 million people marched in Paris in a show of solidarity against terrorism and in support of freedom of speech. | WIKI |
| [96] On 13 November of the same year, a series of coordinated bomb and gunfire terrorist attacks in Paris and Saint-Denis, claimed by ISIL,[97] killed 130 people and injured more than 350. | WIKI |
| Main article: Geography of Paris | WIKI |
| Satellite image of Paris by Sentinel-2 | WIKI |
| Paris in the night from a plane | WIKI |
| Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the xc3x8ele Saint-Louis and the larger xc3x8ele de la Citxc3xa9, which form the oldest part of the city. | WIKI |
| Paris has several prominent hills, the highest of which is Montmartre at 130xc2xa0m (427xc2xa0ft). | WIKI |
| Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87xc2xa0km2 (34xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) in area, enclosed by the 35xc2xa0km (22xc2xa0mi) ring road, the Boulevard Pxc3xa9riphxc3xa9rique. | WIKI |
| Measured from the 'point zero' in front of its Notre-Dame cathedral, Paris by road is 450 kilometres (280xc2xa0mi) southeast of London, 287 kilometres (178xc2xa0mi) south of Calais, 305 kilometres (190xc2xa0mi) southwest of Brussels, 774 kilometres (481xc2xa0mi) north of Marseille, 385 kilometres (239xc2xa0mi) northeast of Nantes, and 135 kilometres (84xc2xa0mi) southeast of Rouen. | WIKI |
| Main article: Climate of Paris | WIKI |
| Autumn in Paris | WIKI |
| Paris has a typical Western European oceanic climate (Kxc3xb6ppen: Cfb), which is affected by the North Atlantic Current. | WIKI |
| Paris has an average annual precipitation of 641xc2xa0mm (25.2xc2xa0in), and experiences light rainfall distributed evenly throughout the year. | WIKI |
| Main article: Administration of Paris | WIKI |
| See also: Arrondissements of Paris and List of mayors of Paris | WIKI |
| For almost all of its long history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France. | WIKI |
| [120] The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected 20 March 1977, becoming the city's first mayor since 1793. | WIKI |
| The mayor of Paris is elected indirectly by Paris voters; the voters of each of the city's 20 arrondissements elect members to the Conseil de Paris (Council of Paris), which subsequently elects the mayor. | WIKI |
| Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has its own town hall and a directly elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which, in turn, elects an arrondissement mayor. | WIKI |
| [126] The council of each arrondissement is composed of members of the Conseil de Paris and also members who serve only on the council of the arrondissement. | WIKI |
| A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis (Mxc3xa9tropole du Grand Paris) and its 131 communes | WIKI |
| [128] It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs. | WIKI |
| It includes the City of Paris, plus the communes of the three departments of the inner suburbs (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in the outer suburbs, including Argenteuil in Val d'Oise and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, which were added to include the major airports of Paris. | WIKI |
| Though the Metropole has a population of nearly seven million people and accounts for 25 percent of the GDP of France, it has a very small budget: just 65 million Euros, compared with eight billion Euros for the City of Paris. | WIKI |
| The Region of xc3x8ele de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. | WIKI |
| As the capital of France, Paris is the seat of France's national government. | WIKI |
| Members of the National Assembly for Paris (elected in 2017) Constituency Member[138] Party Paris' 1st constituency Sylvain Maillard La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 2nd constituency Gilles Le Gendre La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 3rd constituency Stanislas Guerini La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 4th constituency Brigitte Kuster The Republicans Paris' 5th constituency Benjamin Griveaux La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 6th constituency Pierre Person La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 7th constituency Pacxc3xb4me Rupin La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 8th constituency Laetitia Avia La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 9th constituency Buon Tan La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 10th constituency Anne-Christine Lang La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 11th constituency Marielle de Sarnez MoDem Paris' 12th constituency Olivia Grxc3xa9goire La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 13th constituency Hugues Renson La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 14th constituency Claude Goasguen The Republicans Paris' 15th constituency George Pau-Langevin Socialist Party Paris' 16th constituency Mounir Mahjoubi La Rxc3xa9publique En Marche! | WIKI |
| Paris' 17th constituency Danixc3xa8le Obono La France Insoumise Paris' 18th constituency Pierre-Yves Bournazel The Republicans | WIKI |
| France's highest courts are located in Paris. | WIKI |
| Paris and its region host the headquarters of several international organisations including UNESCO, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the International Chamber of Commerce, the Paris Club, the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, the European Union Institute for Security Studies, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, the International Exhibition Bureau, and the International Federation for Human Rights. | WIKI |
| Following the motto "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris";[142] the only sister city of Paris is Rome, although Paris has partnership agreements with many other cities around the world. | WIKI |
| Police (Gendarmerie) motorcyclists in Paris | WIKI |
| The security of Paris is mainly the responsibility of the Prefecture of Police of Paris, a subdivision of the Ministry of the Interior. | WIKI |
| It is also responsible for providing emergency services, including the Paris Fire Brigade. | WIKI |
| Crime in Paris is similar to that in most large cities. | WIKI |
| Political violence is uncommon, though very large demonstrations may occur in Paris and other French cities simultaneously. | WIKI |
| Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from north-east to south-west, right to left) | WIKI |
| See also: Architecture of Paris, Haussmann's renovation of Paris, Religious buildings in Paris, and List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region | WIKI |
| In modernising its infrastructure through the centuries, Paris has preserved even its earliest history in its street map. | WIKI |
| Modern Paris owes much of its downtown plan and architectural harmony to Napoleon III and his Prefect of the Seine, Baron Haussmann. | WIKI |
| Between 1853 and 1870 they rebuilt the city centre, created the wide downtown boulevards and squares where the boulevards intersected, imposed standard facades along the boulevards, and required that the facades be built of the distinctive cream-grey "Paris stone". | WIKI |
| Paris' urbanism laws have been under strict control since the early 17th century,[149] particularly where street-front alignment, building height and building distribution is concerned. | WIKI |
| In recent developments, a 1974xe2x80x932010 building height limitation of 37 metres (121xc2xa0ft) was raised to 50xc2xa0m (160xc2xa0ft) in central areas and 180 metres (590xc2xa0ft) in some of Paris' peripheral quarters, yet for some of the city's more central quarters, even older building-height laws still remain in effect. | WIKI |
| [149] The 210 metres (690xc2xa0ft) Tour Montparnasse was both Paris's and France's tallest building since 1973,[150] but this record has been held by the La Dxc3xa9fense quarter Tour First tower in Courbevoie since its 2011 construction. | WIKI |
| Contemporary architecture includes the Musxc3xa9e du quai Branly xe2x80x93 Jacques Chirac by Jean Nouvel (2006), the contemporary art museum of the Louis Vuitton Foundation by Frank Gehry (2014)[151] and the new Tribunal de grande instance de Paris by Renzo Piano (2018). | WIKI |
| The most expensive residential streets in Paris in 2018 by average price per square metre were Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), at 22,372 euros per square metre; Place Dauphine (1st arrondissement; 20,373 euros) and the Rue de Furstemberg (6th arrondissement) at 18,839 euros per square metre. | WIKI |
| [152] The total number of residences in the City of Paris in 2011 was 1,356,074, up from a former high of 1,334,815 in 2006. | WIKI |
| Paris averages 1.9 people per residence, a number that has remained constant since the 1980s, but it is much less than xc3x8ele-de-France's 2.33 person-per-residence average. | WIKI |
| On the night of 8xe2x80x939 February 2019, during a period of cold weather, a Paris NGO conducted its annual citywide count of homeless persons. | WIKI |
| They counted 3,641 homeless persons in Paris, of whom twelve percent were women. | WIKI |
| Paris and its suburbs[edit] | WIKI |
| Paris and its suburbs, as seen from the Spot Satellite | WIKI |
| West of Paris seen from Tour Montparnasse in 2019 | WIKI |
| Aside from the 20th-century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, the Bois de Vincennes and the Paris heliport, Paris's administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. | WIKI |
| A greater administrative Seine department had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to maintain as a unique entity. | WIKI |
| To address this problem, the parent "District de la rxc3xa9gion parisienne" ('district of the Paris region') was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three new departments surrounding it. | WIKI |
| The district of the Paris region was renamed "xc3x8ele-de-France" in 1977, but this abbreviated "Paris region" name is still commonly used today to describe the xc3x8ele-de-France, and as a vague reference to the entire Paris agglomeration. | WIKI |
| [157] Long-intended measures to unite Paris with its suburbs began on 1 January 2016, when the Mxc3xa9tropole du Grand Paris came into existence. | WIKI |
| Paris' disconnect with its suburbs, its lack of suburban transportation, in particular, became all too apparent with the Paris agglomeration's growth. | WIKI |
| These areas, quartiers sensibles ("sensitive quarters"), are in northern and eastern Paris, namely around its Goutte d'Or and Belleville neighbourhoods. | WIKI |
| The Paris agglomeration's urban sociology is basically that of 19th-century Paris: its fortuned classes are situated in its west and southwest, and its middle-to-lower classes are in its north and east. | WIKI |
| The remaining areas are mostly middle-class citizenry dotted with islands of fortuned populations located there due to reasons of historical importance, namely Saint-Maur-des-Fossxc3xa9s to the east and Enghien-les-Bains to the north of Paris. | WIKI |
| Main article: Demographics of Paris | WIKI |
| The official estimated population of the City of Paris was 2,206,488 as of 1xc2xa0Januaryxc2xa02019[update], according to the INSEE, the official French statistical agency. | WIKI |
| [168] Despite the drop, Paris remains the most densely-populated city in Europe, with 252 residents per hectare, not counting parks. | WIKI |
| Paris is the fourth largest municipality in the European Union, following Berlin, Madrid and Rome. | WIKI |
| The population of Paris today is lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. | WIKI |
| Paris is the core of a built-up area that extends well beyond its limits: commonly referred to as the agglomxc3xa9ration Parisienne, and statistically as a unitxc3xa9 urbaine (a measure of urban area), the Paris agglomeration's 2017 population of 10,784,830[173] made it the largest urban area in the European Union. | WIKI |
| According to Eurostat, the EU statistical agency, in 2012 the Commune of Paris was the most densely populated city in the European Union, with 21,616 people per square kilometre within the city limits (the NUTS-3 statistical area), ahead of Inner London West, which had 10,374 people per square kilometre. | WIKI |
| According to the same census, three departments bordering Paris, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne, had population densities of over 10,000 people per square kilometre, ranking among the 10 most densely populated areas of the EU. | WIKI |
| According to the 2012 French census, 586,163 residents of the City of Paris, or 26.2 percent, and 2,782,834 residents of the Paris Region (xc3x8ele-de-France), or 23.4 percent, were born outside of metropolitan France (the last figure up from 22.4% at the 2007 census). | WIKI |
| [166] 26,700 of these in the City of Paris and 210,159 in the Paris Region were people born in Overseas France (more than two-thirds of whom in the French West Indies) and are therefore not counted as immigrants since they were legally French citizens at birth. | WIKI |
| A further 103,648 in the City of Paris and in 412,114 in the Paris Region were born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth. | WIKI |
| [166] This concerns in particular the many Christians and Jews from North Africa who moved to France and Paris after the times of independence and are not counted as immigrants due to their being born French citizens. | WIKI |
| According to the 2012 census, 135,853 residents of the City of Paris were immigrants from Europe, 112,369 were immigrants from the Maghreb, 70,852 from sub-Saharan Africa and Egypt, 5,059 from Turkey, 91,297 from Asia (outside Turkey), 38,858 from the Americas, and 1,365 from the South Pacific. | WIKI |
| [179] Note that the immigrants from the Americas and the South Pacific in Paris are vastly outnumbered by migrants from French overseas regions and territories located in these regions of the world. | WIKI |
| In 2012, there were 8,810 British citizens and 10,019 United States citizens living in the City of Paris (Ville de Paris) and 20,466 British citizens and 16,408 United States citizens living in the entire Paris Region (xc3x8ele-de-France). | WIKI |
| See also: Religious buildings in Paris | WIKI |
| At the beginning of the twentieth century, Paris was the largest Catholic city in the world. | WIKI |
| [185][186] In 2012 and 2013, it was estimated that there were almost 500,000 Muslims in the City of Paris, 1.5 million Muslims in the xc3x8ele-de-France region and 4 to 5 million Muslims in France. | WIKI |
| The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has had its headquarters in Paris since November 1958. | WIKI |
| Paris is also the home of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). | WIKI |
| [190] Paris hosts the headquarters of the European Space Agency, the International Energy Agency, European Securities and Markets Authority and, as of 2019[update], the European Banking Authority. | WIKI |
| Main article: Economy of Paris | WIKI |
| The economy of the City of Paris is based largely on services and commerce; of the 390,480 enterprises in the city, 80.6 percent are engaged in commerce, transportation, and diverse services, 6.5 percent in construction, and just 3.8 percent in industry. | WIKI |
| The largest of these, in terms of number of employees, is known in French as the QCA, or quartier central des affaires; it is in the western part of the City of Paris, in the 2nd, 8th, 9th, 16th, and 18th arrondissements. | WIKI |
| In 2010, it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about 30 percent of the salaried employees in Paris and 10 percent of those in the xc3x8ele-de-France. | WIKI |
| Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district and of La Dxc3xa9fense. | WIKI |
| The top ten French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 for 2018 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region; six in the central business district of the City of Paris; and four close to the city in the Hauts-de-Seine Department, three in La Dxc3xa9fense and one in Boulogne-Billancourt. | WIKI |
| Some companies, like Socixc3xa9txc3xa9 Gxc3xa9nxc3xa9rale, have offices in both Paris and La Dxc3xa9fense. | WIKI |
| [201] The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine department and suburban La Dxc3xa9fense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opxc3xa9ra Garnier, La Dxc3xa9fense and the Val de Seine. | WIKI |
| [201] While the Paris economy is dominated by services, and employment in manufacturing sector has declined sharply, the region remains an important manufacturing centre, particularly for aeronautics, automobiles, and "eco" industries. | WIKI |
| In the 2017 worldwide cost of living survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit, based on a survey made in September 2016, Paris ranked as the seventh most expensive city in the world, and the second most expensive in Europe, after Zurich. | WIKI |
| In 2018, Paris was the most expensive city in the world with Singapore and Hong Kong. | WIKI |
| Station F is a business incubator for startups, located in 13th arrondissement of Paris. | WIKI |
| Employment by economic sector in the Paris area (petite couronne), with population and unemployment figures (2015) | WIKI |
| According to 2015 INSEE figures, 68.3 percent of employees in the City of Paris work in commerce, transportation, and services; 24.5 percent in public administration, health and social services; 4.1 percent in industry, and 0.1 percent in agriculture. | WIKI |
| The majority of Paris' salaried employees fill 370,000 businesses services jobs, concentrated in the north-western 8th, 16th and 17th arrondissements. | WIKI |
| [206] Paris' financial service companies are concentrated in the central-western 8th and 9th arrondissement banking and insurance district. | WIKI |
| [206] Paris' department store district in the 1st, 6th, 8th and 9th arrondissements employ ten percent of mostly female Paris workers, with 100,000 of these registered in the retail trade. | WIKI |
| [206] Nineteen percent of Paris employees work for the State in either in administration or education. | WIKI |
| The majority of Paris' healthcare and social workers work at the hospitals and social housing concentrated in the peripheral 13th, 14th, 18th, 19th and 20th arrondissements. | WIKI |
| [206] Outside Paris, the western Hauts-de-Seine department La Dxc3xa9fense district specialising in finance, insurance and scientific research district, employs 144,600,[201] and the north-eastern Seine-Saint-Denis audiovisual sector has 200 media firms and 10 major film studios. | WIKI |
| Paris' manufacturing is mostly focused in its suburbs, and the city itself has only around 75,000 manufacturing workers, most of which are in the textile, clothing, leather goods, and shoe trades. | WIKI |
| [201] Paris region manufacturing specialises in transportation, mainly automobiles, aircraft and trains, but this is in a sharp decline: Paris proper manufacturing jobs dropped by 64 percent between 1990 and 2010, and the Paris region lost 48 percent during the same period. | WIKI |
| [201] In 2011, while only 56,927 construction workers worked in Paris itself,[207] its metropolitan area employed 246,639,[205] in an activity centred largely on the Seine-Saint-Denis (41,378)[208] and Hauts-de-Seine (37,303)[209] departments and the new business-park centres appearing there. | WIKI |
| Paris' 2015 at-census unemployment rate was 12.2%,[205] and in the first trimester of 2018, its ILO-critera unemployment rate was 7.1 percent. | WIKI |
| Median income in Paris and its nearest departments | WIKI |
| The average net household income (after social, pension and health insurance contributions) in Paris was xe2x82xac36,085 for 2011. | WIKI |
| [213] The median taxable income for 2011 was around xe2x82xac25,000 in Paris and xe2x82xac22,200 for xc3x8ele-de-France. | WIKI |
| [215] Unemployment was estimated at 8.2 percent in the City of Paris and 8.8 percent in the xc3x8ele-de-France region in the first trimester of 2015. | WIKI |
| While Paris has some of the richest neighbourhoods in France, it also has some of the poorest, mostly on the eastern side of the city. | WIKI |
| Greater Paris, comprising Paris and its three surrounding departments, received 38 million visitors in 2019, a record, measured by hotel arrivals. | WIKI |
| [17] However, tourism to Paris and its region fell to 17.5 million in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with a 78 percent drop in foreign tourists measured by hotel stays, and a drop of 56 percent in French guests, for an overall drop of 68 percent. | WIKI |
| In 2018, measured by the Euromonitor Global Cities Destination Index, Paris was the second-busiest airline destination in the world, with 19.10 million visitors, behind Bangkok (22.78 million) but ahead of London (19.09 million). | WIKI |
| [219] According to the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau, 393,008 workers in Greater Paris, or 12.4% of the total workforce, are engaged in tourism-related sectors such as hotels, catering, transport and leisure. | WIKI |
| Main articles: Landmarks in Paris, Historical quarters of Paris, and List of tourist attractions in Paris | WIKI |
| The Passage Jouffroy, one of Paris's covered passages | WIKI |
| Paris, Banks of the SeineUNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaCultural: i, ii, ivReference600Inscription1991 (15th session)Area365 ha | WIKI |
| The centre of Paris contains the most visited monuments in the city, including the Notre Dame Cathedral (now closed for restoration) and the Louvre as well as the Sainte-Chapelle; Les Invalides, where the tomb of Napoleon is located, and the Eiffel Tower are located on the Left Bank south-west of the centre. | WIKI |
| Other landmarks are laid out east to west along the historical axis of Paris, which runs from the Louvre through the Tuileries Garden, the Luxor Column in the Place de la Concorde, and the Arc de Triomphe, to the Grande Arche of La Dxc3xa9fense. | WIKI |
| [225] In the Paris region, Disneyland Paris, in Marne-la-Vallxc3xa9e, 32 kilometres (20 miles) east of the centre of Paris, received 9.66 million visitors in 2017. | WIKI |
| In 2019 Greater Paris had 2,056 hotels, including 94 five-star hotels, with a total of 121,646 rooms. | WIKI |
| [17] Paris has long been famous for its grand hotels. | WIKI |
| The Hotel Meurice, opened for British travellers in 1817, was one of the first luxury hotels in Paris. | WIKI |
| [227] The arrival of the railways and the Paris Exposition of 1855 brought the first flood of tourists and the first modern grand hotels; the Hxc3xb4tel du Louvre (now an antiques marketplace) in 1855; the Grand Hotel (now the InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel) in 1862; and the Hxc3xb4tel Continental in 1878. | WIKI |
| In addition to hotels, in 2019 Greater Paris had 60,000 homes registered with Airbnb. | WIKI |
| [17] Under French law, renters of these units must pay the Paris tourism tax. | WIKI |
| Main article: Art in Paris | WIKI |
| For centuries, Paris has attracted artists from around the world, who arrive in the city to educate themselves and to seek inspiration from its vast pool of artistic resources and galleries. | WIKI |
| As a result, Paris has acquired a reputation as the "City of Art". | WIKI |
| [230] Italian artists were a profound influence on the development of art in Paris in the 16th and 17th centuries, particularly in sculpture and reliefs. | WIKI |
| Paris was in its artistic prime in the 19th century and early 20th century, when it had a colony of artists established in the city and in art schools associated with some of the finest painters of the times: Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, xc3x89douard Manet, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir and others. | WIKI |
| Paris was central to the development of Romanticism in art, with painters such as Gxc3xa9ricault. | WIKI |
| [231] Impressionism, Art Nouveau, Symbolism, Fauvism, Cubism and Art Deco movements all evolved in Paris. | WIKI |
| [231] In the late 19th century, many artists in the French provinces and worldwide flocked to Paris to exhibit their works in the numerous salons and expositions and make a name for themselves. | WIKI |
| [232] Artists such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cxc3xa9zanne, Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Henri Rousseau, Marc Chagall, Amedeo Modigliani and many others became associated with Paris. | WIKI |
| The most prestigious names of French and foreign sculptors, who made their reputation in Paris in the modern era, are Frxc3xa9dxc3xa9ric Auguste Bartholdi (Statue of Liberty xe2x80x93 Liberty Enlightening the World), Auguste Rodin, Camille Claudel, Antoine Bourdelle, Paul Landowski (statue of Christ the Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro) and Aristide Maillol. | WIKI |
| The Golden Age of the School of Paris ended between the two world wars. | WIKI |
| The inventor Nicxc3xa9phore Nixc3xa9pce produced the first permanent photograph on a polished pewter plate in Paris in 1825. | WIKI |
| [234][235] Numerous photographers achieved renown for their photography of Paris, including Eugxc3xa8ne Atget, noted for his depictions of street scenes, Robert Doisneau, noted for his playful pictures of people and market scenes (among which Le baiser de l'hxc3xb4tel de ville has become iconic of the romantic vision of Paris), Marcel Bovis, noted for his night scenes, as well as others such as Jacques-Henri Lartigue and Henri Cartier-Bresson. | WIKI |
| [231] Poster art also became an important art form in Paris in the late nineteenth century, through the work of Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Jules Chxc3xa9ret, Eugxc3xa8ne Grasset, Adolphe Willette, Pierre Bonnard, Georges de Feure, Henri-Gabriel Ibels, Paul Gavarni and Alphonse Mucha. | WIKI |
| [17] The third most visited Paris museum, in a building constructed for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1900 as the Orsay railway station, was the Musxc3xa9e d'Orsay, which had 3.3 million visitors in 2020, the 12th most visited art museum in 2020, but a drop of 76 percent in visitors from 2019. | WIKI |
| Paris hosts one of the largest science museums in Europe, the Citxc3xa9 des Sciences et de l'Industrie at La Villette. | WIKI |
| In addition to the national museums, run by the Ministry of Culture, the City of Paris operates 14 museums, including the Carnavalet Museum on the history of Paris, Musxc3xa9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Palais de Tokyo, the House of Victor Hugo, the House of Balzac and the Catacombs of Paris. | WIKI |
| The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th-century Opxc3xa9ra Garnier (historical Paris Opxc3xa9ra) and modern Opxc3xa9ra Bastille; the former tends toward the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern. | WIKI |
| [241] Philharmonie de Paris, the modern symphonic concert hall of Paris, opened in January 2015. | WIKI |
| The oldest and most famous Paris theatre is the Comxc3xa9die-Franxc3xa7aise, founded in 1680. | WIKI |
| The music hall and cabaret are famous Paris institutions. | WIKI |
| In 1911, the dance hall Olympia Paris invented the grand staircase as a settling for its shows, competing with its great rival, the Folies Bergxc3xa8re. | WIKI |
| Later, Olympia Paris presented Dalida, Edith Piaf, Marlene Dietrich, Miles Davis, Judy Garland and the Grateful Dead. | WIKI |
| The Casino de Paris presented many famous French singers, including Mistinguett, Maurice Chevalier and Tino Rossi. | WIKI |
| Other famous Paris music halls include Le Lido, on the Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es, opened in 1946; and the Crazy Horse Saloon, featuring strip-tease, dance and magic, opened in 1951. | WIKI |
| A half dozen music halls exist today in Paris, attended mostly by visitors to the city. | WIKI |
| Main article: Writers in Paris | WIKI |
| The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. | WIKI |
| Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. | WIKI |
| Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. | WIKI |
| Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molixc3xa8re, Racine, several coming from the provinces, as well as the foundation of the Acadxc3xa9mie franxc3xa7aise. | WIKI |
| [245] In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafxc3xa9s and salons; it was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux and Pierre Beaumarchais. | WIKI |
| During the 19th century, Paris was the home and subject for some of France's greatest writers, including Charles Baudelaire, Stxc3xa9phane Mallarmxc3xa9, Mxc3xa9rimxc3xa9e, Alfred de Musset, Marcel Proust, xc3x89mile Zola, Alexandre Dumas, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant and Honorxc3xa9 de Balzac. | WIKI |
| [246] Another of Victor Hugo's works, Les Misxc3xa9rables, written while he was in exile outside France during the Second Empire, described the social change and political turmoil in Paris in the early 1830s. | WIKI |
| [247] One of the most popular of all French writers, Jules Verne, worked at the Theatre Lyrique and the Paris stock exchange, while he did research for his stories at the National Library. | WIKI |
| In the 20th century, the Paris literary community was dominated by figures such as Colette, Andrxc3xa9 Gide, Franxc3xa7ois Mauriac, Andrxc3xa9 Malraux, Albert Camus, and, after World War II, by Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre. | WIKI |
| The winner of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Literature, Patrick Modiano (who lives in Paris), based most of his literary work on the depiction of the city during World War II and the 1960sxe2x80x931970s. | WIKI |
| Paris is a city of books and bookstores. | WIKI |
| In the 1970s, 80 percent of French-language publishing houses were found in Paris, almost all on the Left Bank in the 5th, 6th and 7th arrondissements. | WIKI |
| Small Paris bookstores are protected against competition from discount booksellers by French law; books, even e-books, cannot be discounted more than five percent below their publisher's cover price. | WIKI |
| Main articles: Music in Paris and History of music in Paris | WIKI |
| [231] The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. | WIKI |
| [252] By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. | WIKI |
| Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Saxc3xabns (Samson et Delilah), Lxc3xa9o Delibes (Lakmxc3xa9) and Jules Massenet (Thaxc3xafs), among others. | WIKI |
| Several foreign-born composers, such as Frxc3xa9dxc3xa9ric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), Niccolxc3xb2 Paganini (Italy), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia), established themselves or made significant contributions both with their works and their influence in Paris. | WIKI |
| Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. | WIKI |
| Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafxc3xa9s. | WIKI |
| Paris is the spiritual home of gypsy jazz in particular, and many of the Parisian jazzmen who developed in the first half of the 20th century began by playing Bal-musette in the city. | WIKI |
| [256] Django Reinhardt rose to fame in Paris, having moved to the 18th arrondissement in a caravan as a young boy, and performed with violinist Stxc3xa9phane Grappelli and their Quintette du Hot Club de France in the 1930s and 1940s. | WIKI |
| [257][258] Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, including the Paris Jazz Festival and the rock festival Rock en Seine. | WIKI |
| [260] The Orchestre de Paris was established in 1967. | WIKI |
| [261] On 19 December 2015, Paris and other worldwide fans commemorated the 100th anniversary of the birth of Edith Piafxe2x80x94a cabaret singer-songwriter and actress who became widely regarded as France's national chanteuse, as well as being one of France's greatest international stars. | WIKI |
| Paris has a big hip hop scene. | WIKI |
| See also: List of films set in Paris | WIKI |
| The movie industry was born in Paris when Auguste and Louis Lumixc3xa8re projected the first motion picture for a paying audience at the Grand Cafxc3xa9 on 28 December 1895. | WIKI |
| [265] Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into cinemas when the media became popular beginning in the 1930s. | WIKI |
| Paris' largest cinema room today is in the Grand Rex theatre with 2,700 seats. | WIKI |
| [268] On 2 February 2000, Philippe Binant realised the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris. | WIKI |
| Since the late 18th century, Paris has been famous for its restaurants and haute cuisine, food meticulously prepared and artfully presented. | WIKI |
| A luxury restaurant, La Taverne Anglaise, opened in 1786 in the arcades of the Palais-Royal by Antoine Beauvilliers; it featured an elegant dining room, an extensive menu, linen tablecloths, a large wine list and well-trained waiters; it became a model for future Paris restaurants. | WIKI |
| [271] The famous Paris restaurants of the 19th century, including the Cafxc3xa9 de Paris, the Rocher de Cancale, the Cafxc3xa9 Anglais, Maison Dorxc3xa9e and the Cafxc3xa9 Riche, were mostly located near the theatres on the Boulevard des Italiens; they were immortalised in the novels of Balzac and xc3x89mile Zola. | WIKI |
| Several of the best-known restaurants in Paris today appeared during the Belle xc3x89poque, including Maxim's on Rue Royale, Ledoyen in the gardens of the Champs-xc3x89lysxc3xa9es, and the Tour d'Argent on the Quai de la Tournelle. | WIKI |
| Today, due to Paris' cosmopolitan population, every French regional cuisine and almost every national cuisine in the world can be found there; the city has more than 9,000 restaurants. | WIKI |
| In 2018, of the 27 Michelin three-star restaurants in France, ten are located in Paris. | WIKI |
| Several of France's most famous chefs, including Pierre Gagnaire, Alain Ducasse, Yannick Allxc3xa9no and Alain Passard, have three-star restaurants in Paris. | WIKI |
| In addition to the classical restaurants, Paris has several other kinds of traditional eating places. | WIKI |
| The cafxc3xa9 arrived in Paris in the 17th century, when the beverage was first brought from Turkey, and by the 18th century Parisian cafxc3xa9s were centres of the city's political and cultural life. | WIKI |
| Real bistros are increasingly rare in Paris, due to rising costs, competition from cheaper ethnic restaurants, and different eating habits of Parisian diners. | WIKI |
| Beginning with the Paris Exposition of 1867; it became a popular kind of restaurant which featured beer and other beverages served by young women in the national costume associated with the beverage, particular German costumes for beer. | WIKI |
| Magdalena Frackowiak at Paris Fashion Week (Fall 2011) | WIKI |
| Since the 19th century, Paris has been an international fashion capital, particularly in the domain of haute couture (clothing hand-made to order for private clients). | WIKI |
| Paris Fashion Week, held in January and July in the Carrousel du Louvre among other renowned city locations, is one of the top four events on the international fashion calendar. | WIKI |
| [279][280] Moreover, Paris is also the home of the world's largest cosmetics company: L'Orxc3xa9al as well as three of the top five global makers of luxury fashion accessories: Louis Vuitton, Hermxc3xa9s, and Cartier. | WIKI |
| The Carnaval de Paris, one of the oldest festivals in Paris, dates back to the Middle Ages. | WIKI |
| Main article: Education in Paris | WIKI |
| Paris is the dxc3xa9partement with the highest proportion of highly educated people. | WIKI |
| Education in Paris and the xc3x8ele-de-France region employs approximately 330,000 people, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions. | WIKI |
| Most of the grandes xc3xa9coles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the xc3x89cole Normale Supxc3xa9rieure, PSL University has remained on rue d'Ulm in the 5th arrondissement. | WIKI |
| [286] There are a high number of engineering schools, led by the PSL University (which comprises several colleges such as xc3x89cole des Mines, xc3x89cole nationale supxc3xa9rieure de chimie, xc3x89cole Pratique des Hautes xc3x89tudes and Paris-Dauphine), the Paris-Saclay University (which comprises several colleges such as AgroParisTech, CentraleSupxc3xa9lec and ENS Paris-Saclay) the Polytechnic Institute of Paris (which comprises several colleges such as xc3x89cole Polytechnique, Txc3xa9lxc3xa9com Paris and xc3x89cole nationale de la statistique et de l'administration xc3xa9conomique) and also independent colleges such as xc3x89cole des Ponts et Chaussxc3xa9es or Arts et Mxc3xa9tiers. | WIKI |
| The administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' 7th arrondissement, the most prestigious university for social sciences, the xc3x89cole des hautes xc3xa9tudes en sciences sociales is located in Paris' 6th arrondissement and the most prestigious university of economics and finance, Paris-Dauphine, is located in Paris' 16th. | WIKI |
| [287] Paris is also home to several of France's most famous high-schools such as Lycxc3xa9e Louis-le-Grand, Lycxc3xa9e Henri-IV, Lycxc3xa9e Janson de Sailly and Lycxc3xa9e Condorcet. | WIKI |
| Main article: Libraries in Paris | WIKI |
| The Bibliothxc3xa8que nationale de France (BnF) operates public libraries in Paris, among them the Franxc3xa7ois Mitterrand Library, Richelieu Library, Louvois, Opxc3xa9ra Library, and Arsenal Library. | WIKI |
| The Forney Library, in the Marais district, is dedicated to the decorative arts; the Arsenal Library occupies a former military building, and has a large collection on French literature; and the Bibliothxc3xa8que historique de la ville de Paris, also in Le Marais, contains the Paris historical research service. | WIKI |
| There are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. | WIKI |
| The Sorbonne Library in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris. | WIKI |
| [290] Other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the Renxc3xa9 Descartes University Library. | WIKI |
| Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris Saint-Germain F.C. | WIKI |
| The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the commune of Saint-Denis. | WIKI |
| [292] In addition to Paris Saint-Germain F.C., the city has a number of other professional and amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star, RCF Paris and Stade Franxc3xa7ais Paris. | WIKI |
| Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and will host the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympic Games. | WIKI |
| [293] Paris has most recently been the host for UEFA Euro 2016, both at the Parc des Princes in the city proper and also at Stade de France, with the latter hosting the opening match and final. | WIKI |
| The final stage of the most famous bicycle racing in the world, Tour de France, always finishes in Paris. | WIKI |
| Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France; the French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Centre,[295] is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour. | WIKI |
| The 17,000-seat Bercy Arena (officially named AccorHotels Arena and formerly known as the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy) is the venue for the annual Paris Masters ATP Tour tennis tournament and has been a frequent site of national and international tournaments in basketball, boxing, cycling, handball, ice hockey, show jumping and other sports. | WIKI |
| The final stages of the FIBA EuroBasket 1951 and EuroBasket 1999 were also played in Paris, the latter at the Palais Omnisports de Paris-Bercy. | WIKI |
| See also: List of railway stations in Paris | WIKI |
| Paris is a major rail, highway, and air transport hub. | WIKI |
| See also: List of railway stations in Paris | WIKI |
| A central hub of the national rail network, Paris' six major railway stations (Gare du Nord, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, Gare Montparnasse, Gare Saint-Lazare) and a minor one (Gare de Bercy) are connected to three networks: the TGV serving four high-speed rail lines, the normal speed Corail trains, and the suburban rails (Transilien). | WIKI |
| Since the inauguration of its first line in 1900, Paris's Mxc3xa9tro network has grown to become the city's most widely used local transport system; today it carries about 5.23 million passengers daily[299] through 16 lines, 303 stations (385 stops) and 220xc2xa0km (136.7xc2xa0mi) of rails. | WIKI |
| Superimposed on this is a 'regional express network', the RER, whose five lines (A, B, C, D, and E), 257 stops and 587xc2xa0km (365xc2xa0mi) of rails connect Paris to more distant parts of the urban area. | WIKI |
| Over xe2x82xac26.5 billion will be invested over the next 15 years to extend the Mxc3xa9tro network into the suburbs,[300] with notably the Grand Paris Express project. | WIKI |
| Paris is a major international air transport hub with the 5th busiest airport system in the world. | WIKI |
| Orly Airport, located in the southern suburbs of Paris, replaced Le Bourget as the principal airport of Paris from the 1950s to the 1980s. | WIKI |
| [305] Charles de Gaulle Airport, located on the edge of the northern suburbs of Paris, opened to commercial traffic in 1974 and became the busiest Parisian airport in 1993. | WIKI |
| [300] Beauvais-Tillxc3xa9 Airport, located 69 kilometres (43 miles) north of Paris' city centre, is used by charter airlines and low-cost carriers such as Ryanair. | WIKI |
| Domestically, air travel between Paris and some of France's largest cities such as Lyon, Marseille, or Strasbourg has been in a large measure replaced by high-speed rail due to the opening of several high-speed TGV rail lines from the 1980s. | WIKI |
| For example, after the LGV Mxc3xa9diterranxc3xa9e opened in 2001, air traffic between Paris and Marseille declined from 2,976,793 passengers in 2000 to 1,502,196 passengers in 2014. | WIKI |
| [307] After the LGV Est opened in 2007, air traffic between Paris and Strasbourg declined from 1,006,327 passengers in 2006 to 157,207 passengers in 2014. | WIKI |
| Internationally, air traffic has increased markedly in recent years between Paris and the Gulf airports, the emerging nations of Africa, Russia, Turkey, Portugal, Italy, and mainland China, whereas noticeable decline has been recorded between Paris and the British Isles, Egypt, Tunisia, and Japan. | WIKI |
| Ring roads of Paris | WIKI |
| The city is also the most important hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the Pxc3xa9riphxc3xa9rique,[105] which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway in the outer suburbs. | WIKI |
| Paris has an extensive road network with over 2,000xc2xa0km (1,243xc2xa0mi) of highways and motorways. | WIKI |
| The Paris region is the most active water transport area in France, with most of the cargo handled by Ports of Paris in facilities located around Paris. | WIKI |
| There are 440xc2xa0km (270xc2xa0mi) of cycle paths and routes in Paris. | WIKI |
| Paris offers a bike sharing system called Vxc3xa9lib' with more than 20,000 public bicycles distributed at 1,800 parking stations,[312] which can be rented for short and medium distances including one way trips. | WIKI |
| Electricity is provided to Paris through a peripheral grid fed by multiple sources. | WIKI |
| Paris in its early history had only the rivers Seine and Bixc3xa8vre for water. | WIKI |
| From 1809, the Canal de l'Ourcq provided Paris with water from less-polluted rivers to the north-east of the capital. | WIKI |
| [316] From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. | WIKI |
| This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network. | WIKI |
| Today Paris has more than 2,400xc2xa0km (1,491xc2xa0mi) of underground passageways[317] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. | WIKI |
| In 1982, Mayor Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Paris streets. | WIKI |
| [319] The air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (PM10), is the highest in France with 38xc2xa0xcexbcg/m3. | WIKI |
| Main articles: List of parks and gardens in Paris and History of Parks and Gardens of Paris | WIKI |
| The Passerelle de l'Avre, crossing the Seine and establishing a link between the Bois de Boulogne and Saint-Cloud in Hauts-de-Seine, is the City of Paris's westernmost point. | WIKI |
| Paris today has more than 421 municipal parks and gardens, covering more than 3,000 hectares and containing more than 250,000 trees. | WIKI |
| [321] Two of Paris's oldest and most famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden (created in 1564 for the Tuileries Palace and redone by Andrxc3xa9 Le Nxc3xb4tre between 1664 and 1672)[322] and the Luxembourg Garden, for the Luxembourg Palace, built for Marie de' Medici in 1612, which today houses the Senate. | WIKI |
| [323] The Jardin des plantes was the first botanical garden in Paris, created in 1626 by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants. | WIKI |
| Between 1853 and 1870, Emperor Napoleon III and the city's first director of parks and gardens, Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, created the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes, Parc Montsouris and Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, located at the four points of the compass around the city, as well as many smaller parks, squares and gardens in the Paris's quarters. | WIKI |
| The Paris Catacombs hold the remains of approximately 6 million people. | WIKI |
| With Paris's growth many of these, particularly the city's largest cemetery, the Holy Innocents' Cemetery, were filled to overflowing, creating quite unsanitary conditions for the capital. | WIKI |
| When inner-city burials were condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris's stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate, today place Denfert-Rochereau in the 14th arrondissement. | WIKI |
| [332] Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Pxc3xa8re Lachaise, Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy; these cemeteries became inner-city once again when Paris annexed all neighbouring communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860. | WIKI |
| The Hxc3xb4tel-Dieu de Paris, the oldest hospital in the city | WIKI |
| Health care and emergency medical service in the City of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance publique xe2x80x93 Hxc3xb4pitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals. | WIKI |
| Other hospitals include Pitixc3xa9-Salpxc3xaatrixc3xa8re Hospital (one of the largest in Europe), Hxc3xb4pital Cochin, Bichatxe2x80x93Claude Bernard Hospital, Hxc3xb4pital Europxc3xa9en Georges-Pompidou, Bicxc3xaatre Hospital, Beaujon Hospital, the Curie Institute, Lariboisixc3xa8re Hospital, Neckerxe2x80x93Enfants Malades Hospital, Hxc3xb4pital Saint-Louis, Hxc3xb4pital de la Charitxc3xa9 and the American Hospital of Paris. | WIKI |
| Agence France-Presse Headquarters in Paris | WIKI |
| Paris and its close suburbs is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libxc3xa9ration, Le Nouvel Observateur, Le Canard enchaxc3xaenxc3xa9, La Croix, Pariscope, Le Parisien (in Saint-Ouen), Les xc3x89chos, Paris Match (Neuilly-sur-Seine), Rxc3xa9seaux & Txc3xa9lxc3xa9coms, Reuters France, and L'Officiel des Spectacles. | WIKI |
| AFP, as it is colloquially abbreviated, maintains its headquarters in Paris, as it has since 1835. | WIKI |
| [339] France 24 is a television news channel owned and operated by the French government, and is based in Paris. | WIKI |
| [342] Radio France, France's public radio broadcaster, and its various channels, is headquartered in Paris' 16th arrondissement. | WIKI |
| [343] Paris also holds the headquarters of the La Poste, France's national postal carrier. | WIKI |
| Column dedicated to Paris near the Baths of Diocletian in Rome | WIKI |
| Sculpture dedicated to Rome in the square Paul Painlevxc3xa9 in Paris | WIKI |
| Since 9 April 1956, Paris is exclusively and reciprocally twinned only with:[345][346] | WIKI |
| Seule Paris est digne de Romexc2xa0; seule Rome est digne de Paris. | WIKI |
| (in Italian) "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; only Rome is worthy of Paris. | WIKI |
| Paris has agreements of friendship and co-operation with:[345] | WIKI |
| The city of Paris is built along a bend in the River Seine, between the confluence of the Marne and the Oise Rivers. | UNESCO |
| The ensemble, regarded as a geographical and historical entity, forms an exceptional and unique example of urban riverside architecture, where the different layers of the history of Paris, the capital city of one of the first great nation states of Europe, are harmoniously superposed. | UNESCO |
| From the Ile St Louis to the Pont Neuf, from the Louvre to the Eiffel Tower, and the Place de la Concorde to the Grand and Petit Palais, the evolution of Paris and its history can be seen from the River Seine. | UNESCO |
| The conserved buildings of the Universal Exhibitions that took place in Paris in the 19th and 20th centuries are numerous on the banks of the River Seine. | UNESCO |
| Heading the list is the Eiffel Tower, a universally recognized icon of Paris and of iron architecture. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv)xc2xa0: United by a grandiose river landscape, the monuments, the architecture and the representative buildings along the banks of the Seine in Paris each illustrate with perfection, most of the styles, decorative arts and building methods employed over nearly eight centuries. | UNESCO |
| Paris is a river city. | UNESCO |
| Upstream, the port and river transport; downstream, royal and aristocratic Paris. | UNESCO |
| The completion and consolidation of the riverside, urban and monumental vistas of Paris date from the first half of the 20th century, with the Palais de Tokyo and the Palais de Chaillot. | UNESCO |
| The city of Paris owns the public areas, the Hxc3xb4tel de Ville, the parish churches and numerous other plots of land and buildings. | UNESCO |
| The xe2x80x9cCahier des prescriptions urbaines et paysagxc3xa8res pour la mise en valeur des Berges de la Seine dans Parisxe2x80x9d (Urban and Landscape Requirements for the Enhancement of the Banks of the Seine in Paris), prepared in 1999 by the city, the State and the autonomous Port, is the reference document for all activity and installations on the banks. | UNESCO |
| The xe2x80x9cSpecifications de prescription des installations saisonnixc3xa8resxe2x80x9d (Seasonal Installation Requirements), approved in 2015, aims to control the temporary use and occupation of the thoroughfares of the lower quays of the banks of the Seine in Paris. | UNESCO |