Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region' has mentioned 'Water' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| depth~300xc2xa0m (980xc2xa0ft)Water volume55.49xc2xa0km3 (13.31xc2xa0cuxc2xa0mi)Residencexc2xa0time70 yearsShore length187.53xc2xa0km (54.39xc2xa0mi)North Macedonia: 56.02xc2xa0km (34.81xc2xa0mi);Albania: 31.51xc2xa0km (19.58xc2xa0mi)Surface elevation693xc2xa0m (2,274xc2xa0ft)IslandsnoneSettlementsOhrid, Struga (North Macedonia) Pogradec (Albania) UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameNatural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid regionTypeNatural, CulturalCriteriai, iii, iv, viiDesignated1979 (3rd session)Referencexc2xa0no.99State partyAlbania and North MacedoniaRegionEurope and North AmericaExtensions1979, 2019 Ramsar WetlandDesignated15 February 2021Referencexc2xa0no.2449[1] 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | WIKI |
| It covers an area of 358 kmxc2xb2 (138 sq mi), containing an estimated 55.4xc2xa0kmxc2xb3 of water. | WIKI |
| Over 20% of the lake's water comes from nearby Lake Prespa, about 10xc2xa0km (6.2xc2xa0mi) to the southeast and at 150 m higher altitude than Lake Ohrid. | WIKI |
| The water leaves Lake Prespa trickling through underground watercourses in the karstic landscape, where it is joined by mountain range precipitation and eventually emerges in numerous springs along the eastern shore and below the water surface of Lake Ohrid. | WIKI |
| The water leaves Lake Ohrid by evaporation (~40%) and through its only outlet, the Black Drin River, which flows in a northerly direction into Albania and thus to the Adriatic Sea. | WIKI |
| The water at the surface of Lake Ohrid moves predominantly in a counter-clockwise direction along the shore, as a result of wind forcing and the Earth rotation, similar to the Ekman-phenomenon known from oceans. | WIKI |
| In terms of vertical water exchange, convective mixing during winter cooling is the dominant process. | WIKI |
| However, in an average winter only the top 150xe2x80x93200 meters of the lake are mixed, whereas the water below is stably stratified by salinity. | WIKI |
| Thanks to this oligotrophy and the filtered spring inflows, the water is exceptionally clear with transparencies to a depth of as much as 22 meters (66xc2xa0feet). | WIKI |
| Lake Ohrid lacks an annual deep water exchange which in other lakes can bring complete overturn; plunging rivers are also absent. | WIKI |
| Despite degradation from a variety of sources such as large-scale disposal of construction waste, major land conversion, disruption of water connections to Lake Ohrid, beach urbanization and loss of reed belts,[23] Studenchishte Marsh is still an important buffer to prevent lake eutrophication[25] and a key habitat for biodiversity, including relict plants and endemic species. | WIKI |
| The reason lies very probably in the ideal adaptation of the endemic species to the specific conditions in the lake, such as low nutrient availability, good living conditions in greater depth thanks to high water transparency and oxygen content, as well as subaquatic spring inflows supplying cool and oxygen-rich water. | WIKI |
| This includes species, which are mobile (e.g., via water birds) or migratory, such as the European eel. | WIKI |
| The lakeshore reed beds and wetlands provide critical habitat for hundreds of thousands of wintering water birds, including rare and threatened species such as the Dalmatian pelican, ferruginous duck, swan, spotted eagle, and eastern imperial eagle. | WIKI |
| Concern over current and potential deterioration of the World Heritage Site prompted invitation of a joint Reactive Monitoring Mission by the World Heritage Centre, IUCN and ICOMOS in April 2017, which identified a wide range of pressures including from transport infrastructure, traffic, tourism developments, overfishing, sewerage, solid waste disposal, invasive species, both legal and illegal construction, and management of water levels. | WIKI |
| [48] In its analysis and conclusions, the World Heritage Centre observed threats to Lake Ohrid from "decreased water levels, uncontrolled discharge, water pollution due to inadequate wastewater treatment systems leading to evident eutrophication at the mouths of intake rivers, heavy pressures from tourism, and extensive uncontrolled urban development and inappropriate exploitation of the coastal zones." | WIKI |
| Although the effects of these human impacts have not been evaluated in detail they are of great concern, as the shallow water sites are particularly rich in endemic bottom fauna and form important spawning grounds for several endemic fish species. | WIKI |
| Moreover, reed belts have great importance for water birds. | WIKI |
| On the other hand, higher nutrient levels have reduced the water transparency, as well as the oxygen availability in the deep water and at the lake bottom, two properties which are requisite for the endemic flora and fauna. | WIKI |
| However it may take more than a decade to see the effects of today's pollution level in the lake, because of its long water residence time. | WIKI |
| Although there is time to react, computer simulations indicate that at least a 50% reduction in phosphorus input must be reached to keep the deep water oxygenated for the next 50 years at predicted atmospheric warming. | WIKI |
| [59] It further describes the "critical importance" of the last intact marsh on the Lake Ohrid shore, Studenchishte Marsh, in terms of its species composition and ecosystem services such as water quality improvement, carbon storage and flood retention among others. | WIKI |
| In addition, pollution from increased traffic influences the quality of the water, which leads to the depletion of natural resources. | UNESCO |
| The highly endemic biodiversity and natural beauty of the Lake are particularly vulnerable to changes in water quality, and there is alarming evidence of a growth in nutrients threatening the oligotrophic ecology of the Lake. | UNESCO |
| These include the urgent need to protect the water quality of the Lake and therefore maintain its oligotrophic ecological function; to tackle tourism and associated legal and illegal development and the impacts of development on habitats and species throughout the property, including on the lake shores. | UNESCO |