Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Maya Site of Copan' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| The city was in the extreme southeast of the Mesoamerican cultural region, on the frontier with the Isthmo-Colombian cultural region, and was almost surrounded by non-Maya peoples. | WIKI |
| The city developed a distinctive sculptural style within the tradition of the lowland Maya, perhaps to emphasize the Maya ethnicity of the city's rulers. | WIKI |
| The city has a historical record that spans the greater part of the Classic period and has been reconstructed in detail by archaeologists and epigraphers. | WIKI |
| [3] Copxc3xa1n was a powerful city ruling a vast kingdom within the southern Maya area. | WIKI |
| [4] The city suffered a major political disaster in ADxc2xa0738 when Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, one of the greatest kings in Copxc3xa1n's dynastic history, was captured and executed by his former vassal, the king of Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| [5] This unexpected defeat resulted in a 17-year hiatus at the city, during which time Copxc3xa1n may have been subject to Quiriguxc3xa1 in a reversal of fortunes. | WIKI |
| [3] The ruins of the site core of the city are 1.6 kilometers (1xc2xa0mi) from the modern village of Copxc3xa1n Ruinas, which is built on the site of a major complex dating to the Classic period. | WIKI |
| In the Early Classic, the inhabitants flattened the valley floor and undertook construction projects to protect the city's architecture from the effects of flooding. | WIKI |
| Little is known of the rulers of Copxc3xa1n before the founding of a new dynasty with its origins at Tikal in the early 5thxc2xa0century AD, although the city's origins can be traced back to the Preclassic period. | WIKI |
| The area of Copxc3xa1n continued to be occupied after the last major ceremonial structures and royal monuments were erected, but the population declined in the 8th and 9thxc2xa0centuries from perhaps over 20,000 in the city to less than 5,000. | WIKI |
| The city was important before its refounding by a foreign elite; mentions of the predynastic history of Copxc3xa1n are found in later texts, but none of these predates the refounding of the city in ADxc2xa0426. | WIKI |
| The city was refounded by K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo', establishing it as the capital of a new Maya kingdom. | WIKI |
| Texts record the arrival of a warrior named K'uk' Mo' Ajaw who was installed upon the throne of the city in ADxc2xa0426 and given a new royal name, K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' and the ochk'in kaloomte "Lord of the West" title used a generation earlier by Siyaj K'ak', a general from the great metropolis of Teotihuacan who had decisively intervened in the politics of the central Petxc3xa9n. | WIKI |
| [24] After the establishment of the new kingdom of Copxc3xa1n, the city remained closely allied with Tikal. | WIKI |
| Although none of the hieroglyphic texts that mention the founding of the new Copxc3xa1n dynasty describe how K'uk' Mo' arrived at the city, indirect evidence suggests that he conquered the city by military means. | WIKI |
| [21] The dynasty founded by king K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' ruled the city for four centuries and included sixteen kings plus a probable pretender who would have been seventeenth in line. | WIKI |
| [30] K'inich Popol Hol oversaw the construction of the first version of the Mesoamerican ballcourt at the city, which was decorated with images of the scarlet macaw, a bird that features prominently in Maya mythology. | WIKI |
| He oversaw both the apogee of Copxc3xa1n's achievements and also one of the city's most catastrophic political disasters. | WIKI |
| During his reign, the sculptural style of the city evolved into the full in-the-round sculpture characteristic of Copxc3xa1n. | WIKI |
| Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil was confident enough in his power to rank his city among the four most powerful states in the Maya region, together with Tikal, Calakmul and Palenque, as recorded on Stelaxc2xa0A. | WIKI |
| In contrast to his predecessor, Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil concentrated his monuments in the site core of the Copxc3xa1n; his first was Stelaxc2xa0J, dated to ADxc2xa0702 and erected at the eastern entrance to the city. | WIKI |
| Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil had only recently dedicated the new ballcourt in ADxc2xa0738 when a completely unexpected disaster befell the city. | WIKI |
| [44] This coup does not seem to have physically affected either Copxc3xa1n or Quiriguxc3xa1; there is no evidence that either city was attacked at this time and the victor seems not to have received any detectable tribute. | WIKI |
| The fact that Copxc3xa1n, a much more powerful city than Quiriguxc3xa1, failed to retaliate against its former vassal implies that it feared the military intervention of Calakmul. | WIKI |
| Copxc3xa1n's defeat had wider implications due to the fracturing of the city's domain and the loss of the key Motagua River trade route to Quiriguxc3xa1. | WIKI |
| The fall in Copxc3xa1n's income and corresponding increase at Quiriguxc3xa1 is evident from the massive commissioning of new monuments and architecture at the latter city, and Copxc3xa1n may even have been subject to its former vassal. | WIKI |
| The early period of his rulership fell within Copxc3xa1n's hiatus, but later on he began a programme of renewal in an effort to recover from the city's earlier disaster. | WIKI |
| [1] He produced no monumental stelae and instead dedicated hieroglyphic texts incorporated into the city's architecture and smaller altars. | WIKI |
| At the base of the temple, he placed the famous Altarxc2xa0Q, which shows each of the 16xc2xa0rulers of the city from K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' through to Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat, with a hieroglyphic text on top describing the founding of the dynasty. | WIKI |
| [51] By this time the city's population was over 20,000 and it had long needed to import basic necessities from outside. | WIKI |
| The long line of kings at the once great city had come to an end. | WIKI |
| With the end of political authority at the city the population collapsed to a fraction of what it had been at its height. | WIKI |
| [54] In the Postclassic period the valley was occupied by villagers who stole the stone from the monumental architecture of the city in order to build their simple house platforms. | WIKI |
| After the abandonment of the city the Copxc3xa1n River gradually changed course, with a meander destroying the eastern portion of the acropolis (revealing in the process its archaeological stratigraphy in a large vertical cut) and apparently washing away various subsidiary architectural groups, including at least one courtyard and 10 buildings from Group 10Lxe2x80x932. | WIKI |
| The Copxc3xa1n site is known for a series of portrait stelae, most of which were placed along processional ways in the central plaza of the city and the adjoining acropolis, a large complex of overlapping step-pyramids, plazas, and palaces. | WIKI |
| The Main Group represents the core of the ancient city and covers an area of 600 by 300 meters (1,970xc2xa0ft xc3x97xc2xa0980xc2xa0ft). | WIKI |
| [65] Archaeologists have excavated extensive tunnels under the Acropolis, revealing how the royal complex at the heart of Copxc3xa1n developed over the centuries and uncovering several hieroglyphic texts that date back to the Early Classic and verify details of the early dynastic rulers of the city who were recorded on Altarxc2xa0Q hundreds of years later. | WIKI |
| [69] The two styles of building overlap somewhat, with some of the earthen structures being expanded during the first hundred years or so of the dynastic history of the city. | WIKI |
| It is located between the East and West Courts at the heart of the ancient city. | WIKI |
| An offering was made as part of the rites to terminate the old phase and included a collection of eccentric flints worked into the profiles of humans and gods,wrapped in blue-dyed textiles, as well as a 5-ft shark brought to the city from the nearest ocean, some 42 km distant. | WIKI |
| Altar Q depicts 16 kings in the dynastic succession of the city | WIKI |
| It portrays the king as the elderly Maya maize god and has imagery that seems to deliberately parallel the tomb lid of the Palenque king K'inich Janaab' Pakal, probably because of Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat's close family ties to that city. | WIKI |
| Its sculpture consists entirely of hieroglyphic text, which mentions that king B'alam Nehn was ruling the city by ADxc2xa0504. | WIKI |
| It stood at the eastern entrance to the city and is unusual in being topped by a sculpted stone roof, converting the monument into a symbolic house. | WIKI |
| The archaeological remains and imposing public squares reveal the three main stages of development, during which evolved the temples, plazas, altar complexes and ball courts that can be seen today, before the city was abandoned in the early 10th century. | UNESCO |