Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Laurisilva of Madeira' has mentioned 'Forest' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Laurel forest, also called laurisilva or laurissilva, is a type of subtropical forest found in areas with high humidity and relatively stable, mild temperatures. | WIKI |
| The forest is characterized by broadleaf tree species with evergreen, glossy and elongated leaves, known as "laurophyll" or "lauroid". | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Ecology 2 Characteristics 3 Origin 4 Laurel forest ecoregions 4.1 East Asia 4.1.1 Laurel forest ecoregions in East Asia 4.2 Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines 4.2.1 Laurel forest ecoregions of Sundaland, Wallacea, and the Philippines 4.3 Macaronesia and the Mediterranean Basin 4.3.1 Laurel forest ecoregions of Macaronesia 4.4 Nepal 4.5 Southern India 4.6 Sri Lanka 4.7 Africa 4.8 USA Southeast States 4.9 USA ancient California 4.10 Central America 4.10.1 Laurel forest ecoregions in Mexico and Central America 4.11 Tropical Andes 4.12 Southeastern South America 4.13 Central Chile 4.14 Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand 4.14.1 New Guinea 4.14.1.1 Laurel forest ecoregions of New Guinea 5 References 6 External links | WIKI |
| Laurel rain forest in La Gomera, Spain | WIKI |
| Decomposers such as invertebrates, fungi, and microbes on the forest floor are critical to nutrient cycling. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest, laurisilva, and laurissilva all refer to plant communities that resemble the bay laurel. | WIKI |
| Mature laurel forests typically have a dense tree canopy and low light levels at the forest floor. | WIKI |
| This species diversity contrasts with other temperate forest types, which typically have a canopy dominated by one or a few species. | WIKI |
| [9] In this sense, the laurel forest is a transitional type between temperate forests and tropical rainforests. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions[edit] | WIKI |
| Inner laurel forest ecoregions, a related and distinct community of vascular plants, evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana, and species of this community are now found in several separate areas of the Southern Hemisphere, including southern South America, southernmost Africa, New Zealand, Australia and New Caledonia. | WIKI |
| Most Laurel forest species are evergreen, and occur in tropical, subtropical, and mild temperate regions and cloud forests of the northern and southern hemispheres, in particular the Macaronesian islands, southern Japan, Madagascar, New Caledonia, Tasmania, and central Chile, but they are pantropical, and for example in Africa they are endemic to the Congo region, Cameroon, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, in lowland forest and Afromontane areas. | WIKI |
| In southern China, laurel forest once extended throughout the Yangtze Valley and Sichuan Basin from the East China Sea to the Tibetan Plateau. | WIKI |
| In the temperate zone, the cloud forest between 2,000 and 3,000xc2xa0m altitude supports broadleaved evergreen forest dominated by plants such as Quercus lamellosa and Q. semecarpifolia in pure or mixed stands. | WIKI |
| The common forest types of this zone include Rhododendron arboreum, Rhododendron barbatum, Lyonia spp., Pieris formosa; Tsuga dumosa forest with such deciduous taxa as maple (Acer) and Magnolia; deciduous mixed broadleaved forest of Acer campbellii, Acer pectinatum, Sorbus cuspidata, and Magnolia campbellii; mixed broadleaved forest of Rhododendron arboreum, Acer campbellii, Symplocos ramosissima and Lauraceae. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions in East Asia[edit] | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions of Sundaland, Wallacea, and the Philippines[edit] | WIKI |
| Laurisilva of MadeiraUNESCO World Heritage SiteOld roads and passages between villages and other places in Madeira Island surrounded by prehistoric forestLocationIsland of Madeira, Madeira, PortugalCriteriaNatural:xc2xa0(ix)(x)Reference934Inscription1999 (23rd session)Area15,000xc2xa0ha (58xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Coordinates32xc2xb046xe2x80xb2N 17xc2xb00xe2x80xb2Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf32.767xc2xb0N 17.000xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 32.767; -17.000Location of Laurisilva of MadeiraShow map of MadeiraLaurel forest (Africa)Show map of Africa | WIKI |
| It is considered one of the best example of laurisilva rain forest in Europe, due to its great biodiversity and good preservation. | WIKI |
| Some relict Mediterranean laurel forest species, such as sweet bay (Laurus nobilis) and European holly (Ilex aquifolium), are fairly widespread around the Mediterranean basin. | WIKI |
| In the Mediterranean there are other areas with species adapted to the same habitat, but which generally do not form a laurel forest, except very locally in the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula. | WIKI |
| In other cases, the presence of Mediterranean laurel (Laurus nobilis) provides an indication of the previous existence of laurel forest. | WIKI |
| Tree Heath (Erica arborea) grows in southern Iberia, but without reaching the dimensions observed in the temperate evergreen forest or North Africa. | WIKI |
| In the Mediterranean region, remnant laurel forest is present on some islands of the Aegean Sea, on the Black Sea coast of Iran and Turkey, including the Castanopsis and true laurus forests, associated with Prunus laurocerasus, and conifers such as Taxus baccata, Cedrus atlantica, and Abies pinsapo. | WIKI |
| In Europe the laurel forest has been badly damaged by timber harvesting, by fire (both accidental and deliberate to open fields for crops), by the introduction of exotic animal and plant species that have displaced the original cover, and by replacement with arable fields, exotic timber plantations, cattle pastures, and golf courses and tourist facilities. | WIKI |
| The laurel forest flora is usually strong and vigorous and the forest regenerates easily; its decline is due to external forces. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions of Macaronesia[edit] | WIKI |
| In the Himalayas, in Nepal, subtropical forest consists of species such as Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica, and Castanopsis tribuloides in relatively humid areas. | WIKI |
| Some common forest types in this region include Castanopsis tribuloides mixed with Schima wallichi, Rhododendron spp., Lyonia ovalifolia, Eurya acuminata, and Quercus glauca; Castanopsis-Laurales forest with Symplocas spp. | WIKI |
| ; Alnus nepalensis forests; Schima wallichii-Castanopsis indica hygrophile forest; Schima-Pinus forest; Pinus roxburghii forests with Phyllanthus emblica. | WIKI |
| Semicarpus anacardium, Rhododendron arboreum and Lyoma ovalifolia; Schima-Lagestromea parviflora forest, Quercus lamellosa forest with Quercus lanata and 'Quercus glauca; Castanopsis forests with Castanopsis hystrix and Lauraceae. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest occurs in the montane rain forest of Sri Lanka. | WIKI |
| Patches of forest with Afromontane floristic affinities occur all along the mountain chains. | WIKI |
| Ferns, shrubs and small trees such as Cape Beech (Rapanea melanophloeos) are often abundant along the forest edges. | WIKI |
| topographically induced forest islands) contain many laurel forests. | WIKI |
| In several areas on the barrier islands, a stunted Quercus geminata or mixed Quercus geminata and Quercus virginiana forest dominates, with a dense evergreen understory of scrub palm Serenoa repens and a variety of vines, including Bignonia capreolata, as well as Smilax and Vitis species'. | WIKI |
| The laurel forest is the most common Central American temperate evergreen cloud forest type. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions in Mexico and Central America[edit] | WIKI |
| The Yungas are typically evergreen forests or jungles, and multi-species, which often contain many species of the laurel forest. | WIKI |
| The forest relief is varied and in places where the Andes meet the Amazon, it includes steeply sloped areas. | WIKI |
| The forest canopy includes species of Lauraceae (Ocotea pretiosa and O. catharinense), Myrtaceae (Campomanesia xanthocarpa), and Leguminosae (Parapiptadenia rigida), with an emergent layer of the conifer Brazilian Araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) reaching up to 45 metres (148xc2xa0ft) in height. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest appears on mountains of the coastal strip of New South Wales in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. | WIKI |
| The laurel forest of Australia, New Caledonia (Adenodaphne), and New Zealand have a number of species related to those of the Valdivian laurel forest, through the connection of the Antarctic flora of gymnosperms like the podocarpus and deciduous Nothofagus. | WIKI |
| Over time Australia drifted north and became drier; the humid Antarctic flora from Gondwana retreated to the east coast and Tasmania, while the rest of Australia became dominated by sclerophyll forest and xeric shrubs and grasses. | WIKI |
| New Guinea has the highest mountains in Malesia, and vegetation ranges from tropical lowland forest to tundra. | WIKI |
| Laurel forest ecoregions of New Guinea[edit] | WIKI |
| The WWF identifies several distinct montane laurel forest ecoregions on New Guinea, New Britain, and New Ireland. | WIKI |
| The Laurisilva of Madeira, within the Parque Natural da Madeira (Madeira Natural Park) conserves the largest surviving area of primary laurel forest or "laurisilva", a vegetation type that is now confined to the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ix): The Laurisilva of Madeira is an outstanding relict of a previously widespread laurel forest type, which covered much of Southern Europe 15-40 million years ago. | UNESCO |
| The forest of the property completely covers a series of very steep, V-shaped valleys leading from the plateau and east-west ridge in the centre of the island to the north coast. | UNESCO |
| The forest is mainly comprised of evergreen trees and bushes, with flat, dark green leaves. | UNESCO |
| A large proportion of its plants and animals are unique to the laurel forest, and it is larger than and with significant differences to other laurel forest areas. | UNESCO |
| The settlers of Madeira constructed water channels, known as levadas, which run through the forest following the contours of the landscape, and clinging to the cliffs and steep-sided valleys. | UNESCO |
| Typically 80-150 cm wide and constructed of stone or more recently concrete, they carry water from the forest to hydropower stations and to the towns of the south, where they provide essential drinking water and irrigation supplies. | UNESCO |
| Along the levadas there are paths typically 1-2m wide, which allow access to the otherwise almost impenetrable forest. | UNESCO |
| The impact of these features on the property is limited, and also has some benefit for conservation, since they allow access to the forest on relatively flat paths and cover only an infinitesimal area of land. | UNESCO |
| These multiple layers of protection include status as a special area of conservation under the Habitats Directive of the European Union, which obliges the State Party to protect the area so that both "Madeiran laurel forest" and 39 species of rare and threatened plants and animals remain at, or are restored to, "favourable conservation status". | UNESCO |
| Although declining, this use needs to be monitored and kept within levels that do no harm to the forest. | UNESCO |
| Facilities for visitors to the laurel forest are few and visitor management will need to be prioritized as tourism trends change. | UNESCO |
| With sheer cliffs beside narrow levadas, great care is needed to both to protect the forest and to provide for safe visitor access, especially in relation to possible increases in visitor pressure. | UNESCO |