Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Kairouan' has mentioned 'Kairouan' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Kairouan xd9xb1xd9x84xd9x92xd9x82xd9x8exd9x8axd9x92xd8xb1xd9x8exd9x88xd9x8exd8xa7xd9x86CityKairouanLocation in TunisiaShow map of TunisiaKairouanKairouan (Middle East)Show map of Middle EastKairouanKairouan (Africa)Show map of AfricaCoordinates: 35xc2xb040xe2x80xb238xe2x80xb3N 10xc2xb006xe2x80xb203xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf35.67722xc2xb0N 10.10083xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 35.67722; 10.10083Coordinates: 35xc2xb040xe2x80xb238xe2x80xb3N 10xc2xb006xe2x80xb203xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf35.67722xc2xb0N 10.10083xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 35.67722; 10.10083CountryTunisiaGovernorateKairouanFounded670 CEFounded byUqba ibn NafiElevation68xc2xa0m (223xc2xa0ft)Populationxc2xa0(2014)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Total187,000WebsiteOfficial website UNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaCultural: i, ii, iii, v, viReference499Inscription1988 (12th session)Area68.02 haBufferxc2xa0zone154.36 ha | WIKI |
| Kairouan (Arabic: xd9xb1xd9x84xd9x92xd9x82xd9x8exd9x8axd9x92xd8xb1xd9x8exd9x88xd9x8exd8xa7xd9x86xe2x80x8e listen), also spelled Al Qayrawxc4x81n or Kairwan (Qeirwxc4x81n), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia. | WIKI |
| Kairouan, the capital of Kairouan Governorate, lies south of Sousse, 50xc2xa0km (31xc2xa0mi) from the east coast, 75xc2xa0km (47xc2xa0mi) from Monastir and 184xc2xa0km (114xc2xa0mi) from Tunis. | WIKI |
| The foundation of Kairouan dates to about the year 670 when the Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi of Caliph Mu'awiya selected a site in the middle of a dense forest, then infested with wild beasts and reptiles, as the location of a military post for the conquest of the West. | WIKI |
| [citation needed] Formerly, the city of Kamounia was located where Kairouan now stands. | WIKI |
| He arrived in Kairouan around April, 742. | WIKI |
| The qadi of Ifriqiya, Abd al-Rahman ibn Oqba al-Ghaffari, had been managing the defense of Kairouan, and succeeded in fending off an attack by the Berber rebel army raised in southern Tunisia by the Sufrite leader Oqasha ibn Ayub al-Fezari. | WIKI |
| Handhala ibn Safwan arrived in Kairouan just as Oqasha was said to be mounting a new attack, in coordination with another large Berber army coming in from the west, led by Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid al-Hawwari. | WIKI |
| The Berber rebel armies were to make junction in front of Kairouan, before launching their final attack on the city. | WIKI |
| Hurrying back, Handhala is said to have put the entire population of Kairouan under arms to bolster his ranks, before setting out again. | WIKI |
| In perhaps the bloodiest encounter in the Berber wars, Handhala ibn Safwan defeated the great Berber army of Abd al-Wahid ibn Yazid at El-Asnam in May 742 (perhaps a little later), just three miles outside of Kairouan. | WIKI |
| In 745, Kharijite Berbers captured Kairouan, which was already at that time a developed city with luxuriant gardens and olive groves. | WIKI |
| Power struggles continued until Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab recaptured Kairouan at the end of the 8th century. | WIKI |
| The new Emirs embellished Kairouan and made it their capital. | WIKI |
| In that period Imam Sahnun and Asad ibn al-Furat made of Kairouan a temple of knowledge and a magnificent centre of diffusion of Islamic sciences. | WIKI |
| From Kairouan envoys from Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire returned with glowing reports of the Aghlabites palaces, libraries and gardens xe2x80x93 and from the crippling taxation imposed to pay for their drunkenness and sundry debaucheries. | WIKI |
| Gold coin of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Mahdi Billah, minted in Kairouan in 912 CE | WIKI |
| During the rule of the Fatimids, Kairouan was neglected and lost its importance: the new rulers resided first in Raqqada but soon moved their capital to the newly built Al Mahdiyah on the coast of modern Tunisia. | WIKI |
| Governing again from Kairouan, the Zirids led the country through another artistic, commercial and agricultural heyday. | WIKI |
| These invaders so utterly destroyed Kairouan in 1057 that it never regained its former importance and their influx was a major factor in the spread of nomadism in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant. | WIKI |
| It is only under the Husainid Dynasty that Kairouan started to find an honorable place in the country and throughout the Islamic world. | WIKI |
| In 1881, Kairouan was taken by the French, after which non-Muslims were allowed access to the city. | WIKI |
| Kairouan has a hot semi-arid climate (Kxc3xb6ppen climate classification BSh). | WIKI |
| Climate data for Kairouan (1981-2010, extremes 1901-2017) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 30.0(86.0) 37.3(99.1) 39.2(102.6) 37.8(100.0) 44.6(112.3) 48.0(118.4) 47.9(118.2) 48.1(118.6) 45.0(113.0) 41.3(106.3) 36.0(96.8) 30.9(87.6) 48.1(118.6) Average high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 17.2(63.0) 18.4(65.1) 21.1(70.0) 24.3(75.7) 29.2(84.6) 34.3(93.7) 37.7(99.9) 37.5(99.5) 32.5(90.5) 27.8(82.0) 22.2(72.0) 18.3(64.9) 26.7(80.1) Daily mean xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 11.5(52.7) 12.4(54.3) 14.8(58.6) 17.5(63.5) 21.8(71.2) 26.2(79.2) 29.3(84.7) 29.5(85.1) 25.7(78.3) 21.7(71.1) 16.5(61.7) 12.9(55.2) 20.0(68.0) Average low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 6.9(44.4) 7.3(45.1) 9.3(48.7) 11.7(53.1) 15.4(59.7) 19.3(66.7) 22.2(72.0) 22.9(73.2) 20.4(68.7) 16.7(62.1) 11.7(53.1) 8.2(46.8) 14.3(57.8) Record low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) xe2x88x924.5(23.9) xe2x88x923.0(26.6) xe2x88x923.0(26.6) 0.0(32.0) 4.0(39.2) 6.5(43.7) 8.0(46.4) 12.0(53.6) 9.0(48.2) 5.5(41.9) xe2x88x923.0(26.6) xe2x88x923.5(25.7) xe2x88x924.5(23.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 28.7(1.13) 19.1(0.75) 28.1(1.11) 26.6(1.05) 22.8(0.90) 8.0(0.31) 2.0(0.08) 11.4(0.45) 44.2(1.74) 41.6(1.64) 28.3(1.11) 29.0(1.14) 289.8(11.41) Average precipitation days (xe2x89xa5 1.0 mm) 3.5 3.7 4.9 4.3 2.9 1.6 0.7 2.1 3.5 4.3 2.9 3.5 37.9 Average relative humidity (%) 64 62 62 61 58 53 49 53 59 65 65 65 60 Mean monthly sunshine hours 186.0 190.4 226.3 252.0 300.7 324.0 362.7 334.8 270.0 235.6 207.0 186.0 3,075.5 Mean daily sunshine hours 6.0 6.8 7.3 8.4 9.7 10.8 11.7 10.8 9.0 7.6 6.9 6.0 8.4 Source 1: Institut National de la Mxc3xa9txc3xa9orologie (precipitation days/humidity/sun 1961xe2x80x931990, extremes 1951xe2x80x932017)[15][16][17][note 1] Source 2: NOAA (humidity and sun 1961xe2x80x931990),[19] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, 1901xe2x80x931990)[20] | WIKI |
| The Great Mosque of Kairouan also known as the Mosque of Uqba (Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba) | WIKI |
| Between the 9th and 11th centuries AD, Kairouan functioned as one of the great centers of Islamic civilization and gained a reputation as a hotbed of scholarship across the entire Maghreb. | WIKI |
| During this period, the Great Mosque of Kairouan became both a place of prayer and a center for teaching Islamic sciences under the Maliki current. | WIKI |
| [21] A unique religious tradition practiced in Kairouan was the use of Islamic law to enforce monogamy by stipulating it in the marriage contract. | WIKI |
| [22] Local tradition holds that seven pilgrimages to the Great Mosque equals one pilgrimage to Mecca,[23][24] which according to some, made Kairouan the fourth holiest city in Islam after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. | WIKI |
| Before the arrival of the French in 1881, non-Muslims were forbidden from living in Kairouan. | WIKI |
| [28] A Christian community had existed during the early 11th century[29] alongside Jews who were among the original settlers of Kairouan. | WIKI |
| [30] The Banu Hilal conquest of Kairouan in 1057 led to the decline of the medieval community with Jews only returning after Tunisia was established as a French protectorate in 1881. | WIKI |
| The city's main landmark is the Great Mosque of Sidi-Uqba (also known as the Great Mosque of Kairouan) which is one of the most impressive and largest Islamic monuments in North Africa. | WIKI |
| Originally built when Kairouan was founded in 670 AD, the mosque currently occupies an area of over 9,000 square metres (97,000xc2xa0sqxc2xa0ft) and is one of the oldest places of worship in the Islamic world. | WIKI |
| Kairouan is also home to: | WIKI |
| Kairouan is known for its pastries (e.g. | WIKI |
| Kairouan was used as a filming location for the 1981 film Raiders of the Lost Ark, standing in for Cairo. | WIKI |
| Located in the centre of Tunisia in a plain at an almost equal distance from the sea and the mountain, Kairouan is the most ancient Arabo-Muslim base of the Maghreb (670 AD) and one of its principal holy cities. | UNESCO |
| Kairouan bears unique witness to the first centuries of this civilisation and its architectural and urban development. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): With the Great Mosque, the Mosque of the Three Doors, and the Basin of the Aghlabids, not to mention the numerous archaeological vestiges, Kairouan bears exceptional witness to the civilisation of the first centuries of the Hegira in Ifrxc3xaeqiya. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (v): Protected by its walls and gates (Bab et Tounes, Bab el Khoukha, Bab ech Chouhada), the medina of Kairouan, whose skyline is punctuated by the minarets and the cupolas of its mosques and zawiyas, has preserved its network of winding streets and courtyard houses. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (vi): Kairouan is one of the holy cities and spiritual capitals of Islam. | UNESCO |
| It is not surprising that in the past, seven pilgrimages to Kairouan could take the place of the one pilgrimage to Mecca prescribed for all Muslims. | UNESCO |
| The historic ensemble of Kairouan, with its central part and its suburbs, has conserved, without alteration, its urban fabric with its morphology and its architectural and architectonic components. | UNESCO |
| In addition to the thirty-six monuments benefiting from a specific listing for historic monuments, the historic ensemble of Kairouan is protected by Law 35-1994 concerning the protection of archaeological and historic heritage and traditional arts, by the Decree of 18 October 1921 concerning the protection of the souqs and the pittoresque quarters of the town of Kairouan and by the urban development plan of the town. | UNESCO |
| To ensure the safeguarding and the good management of the historic ensemble of Kairouan, the National Heritage Institute has provided it with a management unit. | UNESCO |