Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos' has mentioned 'Jesuits' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Distinguished by a unique fusion of European and Amerindian cultural influences, the missions were founded as reductions or reducciones de indios by Jesuits in the 17th and 18th centuries to convert local tribes to Christianity. | WIKI |
| Dispatched by the Spanish Crown, Jesuits explored and founded eleven settlements in 76 years in the remote Chiquitania xe2x80x93 then known as Chiquitos xe2x80x93 on the frontier of Spanish America. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Location 2 The name xe2x80x9cChiquitosxe2x80x9d 3 History 3.1 Arrival in the Viceroyalty of Peru 3.2 The Jesuits in the Chiquitania 3.3 Expulsion and recent development 4 World Heritage Missions 4.1 San Xavier 4.2 San Rafael de Velasco 4.3 San Josxc3xa9 de Chiquitos 4.4 Concepcixc3xb3n 4.5 San Miguel de Velasco 4.6 Santa Ana de Velasco 5 Architecture 5.1 Mission layout 5.2 Plaza 5.3 Houses 5.4 Church complex 5.4.1 Church 5.5 Restoration 6 Life in the mission towns 6.1 Economy 6.2 Music 6.3 Today 7 Tourism 8 Cultural references 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 12.1 Historic accounts 12.2 Modern books 13 See also 14 External links | WIKI |
| The current provincial division of Santa Cruz department does not follow the Jesuitsxe2x80x99 concept of a missionary area. | WIKI |
| Two of these missionary orders were the Franciscans and the Jesuits, both of which eventually arrived in the frontier town of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and then in the Chiquitania. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits were unique in attempting to create a theocratic "state within a state" in which the native peoples in the reductions, guided by the Jesuits, would remain autonomous and isolated from Spanish colonists and Spanish rule. | WIKI |
| With the permission of King Philip II of Spain a group of Jesuits traveled to the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1568, some 30xc2xa0years after the arrival of the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians and Mercedarians. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits established themselves in Lima in 1569 before moving east toward Paraguay; in 1572 they reached the Audience of Charcas in modern-day Bolivia. | WIKI |
| In 1587 the first Jesuits, Fr. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits did not start missions in the valleys northeast of the cordillera until the 17th century. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits in the Chiquitania[edit] | WIKI |
| With encouragement from Agustxc3xadn Gutixc3xa9rrez de Arce, the governor of Santa Cruz, the Jesuits focused their efforts on the Chiquitania, where the Christian doctrine was more readily accepted. | WIKI |
| Antonio de Rivas intended to meet seven other Jesuits at the Paraguay River to establish a connection between Paraguay and Chiquitos. | WIKI |
| The local Pixc3xb1oca tribe, who were suffering from a plague, begged Arce and Rivas to stay and promised to build a house and a church for the Jesuits, which were finished by the end of year. | WIKI |
| Ten more missions were founded in the Chiquitania by the Jesuits in three periods: the 1690s, the 1720s, and after 1748. | WIKI |
| In 1721 the Jesuits Fr. | WIKI |
| In 1754 the Jesuits founded the mission of Santiago de Chiquitos. | WIKI |
| The last mission in the Chiquitania to be established was founded by the Jesuits Fr. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits in the Chiquitania had a secondary objective, which was to secure a more direct route to Asuncixc3xb3n than the road then being used via Tucumxc3xa1n and Tarija to link the Chiquitania with the Jesuit missions in Paraguay. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits were stopped by the hostile Payaguxc3xa1 and Mbaya (Guaycuruan-speaking tribes), and by the impenetrable swamps of Jarayes. | WIKI |
| Not until 1767, when the missions had encroached sufficiently on the hostile region and just before the Jesuits were expelled from the New World, did Fr. | WIKI |
| [14] In Europe, where the Jesuits were under attack, they were accused of supporting the rebellion and perceived as defending the native peoples. | WIKI |
| [14] In 1758, the Jesuits were accused of a conspiracy to kill the king of Portugal, known as the Txc3xa1vora affair. | WIKI |
| [17] In 1766 Jesuits were accused of causing Esquilache Riots in Madrid; consequently in February 1767, Charles III of Spain signed a royal decree with expulsion orders for all members of the Society of Jesus in Spanish territories. | WIKI |
| [18] At the time of the expulsion, 25xc2xa0Jesuits served a Christianized population of at least 24,000,[nb 2] in the ten missions of the Chiquitania. | WIKI |
| By September 1767, all but four Jesuits had left the Chiquitania, and they went the following April. | WIKI |
| The archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Francisco Ramxc3xb3n Herboso, established a new system of government, very similar to that set up by the Jesuits. | WIKI |
| Bernd Fischermann, an anthropologist who studied the Chiquitano, suggests three reasons that the Chiquitano preserved the heritage of the Jesuits even after their expulsion:[22] the memory of their prosperity with the Jesuits; the desire to appear as civilized Christians to mestizos and white people; and to preserve the ethnicity that originated from a mix of various culturally distinct groups blended by an enforced common language[nb 3] and customs learned from the Jesuits. | WIKI |
| [18] Sixty years after the expulsion of the Jesuits the churches remained active centers of worship, as the French naturalist Alcide d'Orbigny reported during his mission to South America in 1830 and 1831. | WIKI |
| Although much diminished economically and politically, the culture the Jesuits established was still evident. | WIKI |
| Founded in 1695 by the Jesuits Fr. | WIKI |
| Founded in 1698 by the Jesuits Fr. | WIKI |
| The fifth mission in the World Heritage Site, that of San Miguel de Velasco, was established by the Jesuits Fr. | WIKI |
| The mission church was designed after the expulsion of the Jesuits between 1770 and 1780 by an unknown architect and built entirely by the indigenous population. | WIKI |
| In their design of the reductions, the Jesuits were inspired by xe2x80x9cideal citiesxe2x80x9c as outlined in works such as Utopia and Arcadia, written respectively by the 16th-century English philosophers Thomas More and Philip Sidney. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits had specific criteria for building sites: locations with plenty of wood for construction; sufficient water for the population; good soil for agriculture; and safety from flooding during the rainy season. | WIKI |
| Although most of the missions in the Chiquitania were relocated at least once during the time of the Jesuits, four of ten towns remained at their original sites. | WIKI |
| The centralized organization of the Jesuits dictated a certain uniformity of measures and sizes. | WIKI |
| Almost no remains exist of the chapels at the mission sites, as the plazas subsequently were redesigned to reflect the republican and mestizo lifestyle prevalent after the period of the Jesuits. | WIKI |
| Two stone towers (in San Juan Bautista and San Josxc3xa9 de Chiquitos) and one of adobe (in San Miguel de Velasco) can be traced back to the time of the Jesuits. | WIKI |
| Artistic adornments were added even after the Jesuitsxe2x80x99 expulsion in 1767, until around 1830. | WIKI |
| The altars of the churches of San Xavier and Concepcixc3xb3n include depictions of notable Jesuits together with indigenous peoples. | WIKI |
| The reductions were self-sufficient indigenous communities of 2,000xe2x80x934,000 inhabitants, usually headed by two Jesuit priests and the cabildo (town council and cacique (tribal leader), who retained their functions and played the role of intermediaries between the native peoples and the Jesuits. | WIKI |
| [4][32] However, the degree to which the Jesuits controlled the indigenous population for which they had responsibility and the degree to which they allowed indigenous culture to function is a matter of debate, and the social organization of the reductions have been variously described as jungle utopias on the one hand, to theocratic regimes of terror, the former description being much closer to the mark. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits quickly learned the languages of their subjects, which eased the missionary work and contributed to the success of the missions. | WIKI |
| [2][3][32] By 1770, within three years of the expulsion of the Jesuits, Spanish authorities instituted a new policy of forced "castilianization" or "Hispanicization" of the language, thereby causing the number of speakers of native languages to decline. | WIKI |
| [3] For the Jesuits, the goal was always the same: to create cities in harmony with the paradise where they had encountered the indigenous peoples. | WIKI |
| As early as 1515, the Franciscan friar Bartolomxc3xa9 de las Casas had initiated a "foreigner law" for the "'Indian people'", and no white or black man, other than the Jesuits and authorities, was allowed to live in the missions. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits introduced cattle breeding. | WIKI |
| In each settlement, one of the Jesuits was responsible for church matters, while another dealt with commercial affairs and the general well-being of the community. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits administered labor, the introduction of new technologies, and the disposition of goods. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits did not rely on donations, because by right the priests received a fixed income (usually insufficient for their needs) from the community to support their work. | WIKI |
| The thriving economy in the reductions enabled them to export surplus goods to all parts of Upper Peru, although ironically not to Paraguay xe2x80x93 the region the Jesuits most wanted to reach. | WIKI |
| [3] This laid the foundation of the belief that the Jesuits were guarding immense riches acquired through local labor. | WIKI |
| [32] The catechumens were instructed by the Jesuits in various arts. | WIKI |
| [3][35] Realizing the musical capacities of the Indians, the Jesuits sent important composers, choir directors, and manufacturers of musical instruments to South America. | WIKI |
| The Jesuits used musical lessons as a first step to the Christianization of the natives. | WIKI |
| In San Xavier, San Rafael de Velasco and Santa Ana de Velasco three original harps from the time of the Jesuits are preserved. | WIKI |
| The events around the expulsion of the Jesuits (the Extraxc3xb1amiento) are depicted in Fritz Hochwxc3xa4lder's play Das heilige Experiment (The Strong are Lonely). | WIKI |
| Here on the semi-arid frontier of Spanish South America now known as Chiquitanxc3xada the Jesuits and their indigenous charges blended European architecture with local traditions. | UNESCO |