Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Historic Areas of Istanbul' has mentioned 'Istanbul' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| For other uses, see Istanbul (disambiguation). | WIKI |
| Istanbul xc4xb0stanbulMegacity Metropolitan municipalityClockwise from top: the Bosphorus Bridge connecting Europe and Asia; Maiden's Tower; a nostalgic tram on xc4xb0stiklal Avenue; Levent business district; Galata Tower; Ortakxc3xb6y Mosque in front of the Bosphorus Bridge; and Hagia Sophia. | WIKI |
| Emblem of Istanbul Metropolitan MunicipalityIstanbulLocation within TurkeyShow map of TurkeyIstanbulLocation within EuropeShow map of EuropeIstanbulLocation within AsiaShow map of AsiaIstanbulIstanbul (Earth)Show map of EarthCoordinates: 41xc2xb000xe2x80xb249xe2x80xb3N 28xc2xb057xe2x80xb218xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf41.01361xc2xb0N 28.95500xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 41.01361; 28.95500Coordinates: 41xc2xb000xe2x80xb249xe2x80xb3N 28xc2xb057xe2x80xb218xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf41.01361xc2xb0N 28.95500xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 41.01361; 28.95500CountryTurkeyRegionMarmaraProvinceIstanbulProvincial seat[a]Caxc4x9faloxc4x9flu, FatihDistricts39Governmentxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0TypeMayorxe2x80x93council governmentxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0BodyMunicipal Council of Istanbulxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0MayorEkrem xc4xb0mamoxc4x9flu (CHP)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0GovernorAli YerlikayaArea[1][2]xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urban2,576.85xc2xa0km2 (994.93xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Metro5,343.22xc2xa0km2 (2,063.03xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Highestxc2xa0elevation[3]537xc2xa0m (1,762xc2xa0ft)Populationxc2xa0(31 December 2020)[4]xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Megacity Metropolitan municipality15,462,452xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Rank1st in Turkeyxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urban15,149,358xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Urbanxc2xa0density5,879/km2 (15,230/sqxc2xa0mi)xc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Metroxc2xa0density2,894/km2 (7,500/sqxc2xa0mi)Demonym(s)Istanbulite(Turkish: xc4xb0stanbullu)Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)Postal code34000 to 34990Area code(s)+90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side)Vehicle registration34GDP (Nominal)2019[5]xc2xa0- TotalUS$ 237xc2xa0billionxc2xa0- Per capitaUS$ 15,285HDI (2018)0.828[6] (very high) xc2xb7 3rdGeoTLD.ist, .istanbulWebsiteibb.istanbul www.istanbul.gov.tr UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficialxc2xa0nameHistoric Areas of IstanbulCriteriaCultural:xc2xa0(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)Reference356bisInscription1985 (9th session)Extensions2017Area765.5xc2xa0ha (1,892 acres) | WIKI |
| Istanbul (/xcbx8cxc9xaastxc3xa6nxcbx88bxcax8al/ IST-an-BUUL,[7][8] US also /xcbx88xc9xaastxc3xa6nbxcax8al/ IST-an-buul; Turkish: xc4xb0stanbul [isxcbx88tanbuxc9xab] (listen)) is the largest city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. | WIKI |
| [4] Istanbul is the most populous city in Europe,[b] and the world's fifteenth-largest city. | WIKI |
| In 1930 the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, an appellation Greek speakers used since the eleventh century to colloquially refer to the city. | WIKI |
| Over 13.4 million foreign visitors came to Istanbul in 2018, eight years after it was named a European Capital of Culture, making the city the world's fifth-most popular tourist destination. | WIKI |
| [14] Istanbul is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and hosts the headquarters of numerous Turkish companies, accounting for more than thirty percent of the country's economy. | WIKI |
| Main article: Names of Istanbul | WIKI |
| [18] Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of "Istanbul" in foreign languages. | WIKI |
| Main article: History of Istanbul | WIKI |
| See also: Timeline of Istanbul history | WIKI |
| Neolithic artifacts, uncovered by archeologists at the beginning of the 21st century, indicate that Istanbul's historic peninsula was settled as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. | WIKI |
| Originally built by Constantine the Great in the 4th century and later rebuilt by Justinian the Great after the Nika riots in 532, the Hagia Irene is an Eastern Orthodox Church located in the outer courtyard of Topkapxc4xb1 Palace in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [66] Revitalizing Istanbul also required a massive program of restorations, of everything from roads to aqueducts. | WIKI |
| [67] Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. | WIKI |
| [69] Money could not protect the rich from all the discomforts and harsher sides of Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [69] Although the Sultan lived at a safe remove from the masses, and the wealthy and poor tended to live side by side, for the most part Istanbul was not zoned as modern cities are. | WIKI |
| [69] Those rich enough to have secluded country properties had a chance of escaping the periodic epidemics of sickness that blighted Istanbul. | WIKI |
| In 1995 the Istanbul Stock Exchange moved to xc4xb0stinye, while numerous Turkish banks have moved to Levent and Maslak. | WIKI |
| [82] Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by xc5x9exc3xbckrxc3xbc Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: xc4xb0stanbul'un Kurtuluxc5x9fu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. | WIKI |
| From 1926 the post office only accepted Istanbul; it appeared more Turkish and was used by most Turks. | WIKI |
| [86] From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. | WIKI |
| [87] The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. | WIKI |
| This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the metropolitan area of Istanbul. | WIKI |
| Satellite view of Istanbul and the strait of Bosporus | WIKI |
| Istanbul is located in north-western Turkey and straddles the straitxc2xa0Bosporus, which provides the only passage from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean via the Sea of Marmara. | WIKI |
| [15] Istanbul's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's tallest hill, Aydos, is 537 meters (1,762xc2xa0ft) high. | WIKI |
| Microclimates of Istanbul according to Kxc3xb6ppenxe2x80x93Geiger classification system | WIKI |
| Istanbul has a borderline Mediterranean climate (Kxc3xb6ppen Csa, Trewartha Cs), humid subtropical climate (Kxc3xb6ppen Cfa, Trewartha Cf) and oceanic climate (Kxc3xb6ppen Cfb, Trewartha Do) under both classifications. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's weather is strongly influenced by the Sea of Marmara to the south, and the Black Sea to the north. | WIKI |
| Consequently, Istanbul's temperatures almost always oscillate between xe2x88x925xc2xa0xc2xb0C (23xc2xa0xc2xb0F) and 32xc2xa0xc2xb0C (90xc2xa0xc2xb0F),[94] and most of the city does not experience temperatures above 30xc2xa0xc2xb0C (86xc2xa0xc2xb0F) for more than 14 days a year. | WIKI |
| [95] Another effect of Istanbul's maritime position is its persistently high dew points, near-saturation morning humidity,[96] and frequent fog,[97][94] which also limits Istanbul's sunshine hours to levels closer to Western Europe. | WIKI |
| As Istanbul is only slightly rain shadowed from Mediterranean storms and is otherwise surrounded by water, it usually receives some amount of precipitation from both Western European and Mediterranean systems. | WIKI |
| Because of its hilly topography and maritime influences, Istanbul exhibits a multitude of distinctxc2xa0microclimates. | WIKI |
| [101] Within the city, rainfall varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 millimeters (24xc2xa0in) on the southern fringe at Florya to 1,200 millimeters (47xc2xa0in) on the northern fringe at Bahxc3xa7ekxc3xb6y. | WIKI |
| Despite the fact that it does not have the cold winters typical of such cities, Istanbul averages more than 60 centimeters (24xc2xa0in) of snow a year, making it the snowiest major city in the Mediterranean basin. | WIKI |
| Climate data for Kirexc3xa7burnu, Istanbul (normals 1981xe2x80x932010, extremes 1929xe2x80x932018, snowy days 1996-2011) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 22.4(72.3) 24.6(76.3) 29.3(84.7) 33.6(92.5) 36.4(97.5) 40.2(104.4) 41.5(106.7) 40.5(104.9) 39.6(103.3) 34.2(93.6) 27.8(82.0) 25.5(77.9) 41.5(106.7) Average high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 8.5(47.3) 8.7(47.7) 10.9(51.6) 15.5(59.9) 20.1(68.2) 25.0(77.0) 26.9(80.4) 27.2(81.0) 23.8(74.8) 19.2(66.6) 14.2(57.6) 10.4(50.7) 17.5(63.5) Daily mean xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 5.8(42.4) 5.5(41.9) 7.3(45.1) 11.2(52.2) 15.7(60.3) 20.5(68.9) 22.9(73.2) 23.4(74.1) 19.9(67.8) 15.8(60.4) 11.0(51.8) 7.8(46.0) 13.9(57.0) Average low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 3.5(38.3) 2.9(37.2) 4.4(39.9) 7.8(46.0) 12.2(54.0) 16.7(62.1) 19.7(67.5) 20.4(68.7) 16.8(62.2) 13.2(55.8) 8.5(47.3) 5.5(41.9) 11.0(51.8) Record low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) xe2x88x9213.9(7.0) xe2x88x9216.1(3.0) xe2x88x9211.1(12.0) xe2x88x922.0(28.4) 1.4(34.5) 7.1(44.8) 10.5(50.9) 10.2(50.4) 6.0(42.8) 0.6(33.1) xe2x88x927.2(19.0) xe2x88x9211.5(11.3) xe2x88x9216.1(3.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 99.5(3.92) 82.1(3.23) 69.2(2.72) 43.1(1.70) 31.5(1.24) 40.6(1.60) 39.6(1.56) 41.9(1.65) 64.4(2.54) 102.3(4.03) 110.3(4.34) 125.1(4.93) 849.6(33.45) Average snowfall cm (inches) 18.4(7.2) 19.1(7.5) 9.9(3.9) trace 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) 0(0) trace 14.1(5.6) 61.5(24.2) Average precipitation days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 mm) 16.9 15.2 13.2 10.0 7.4 7.0 4.7 5.1 8.1 12.3 13.9 17.5 131.3 Average snowy days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 cm) 4.5 4.7 2.9 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.7 15.2 Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.2 89.6 142.6 180.0 248.0 297.6 319.3 288.3 234.0 158.1 93.0 62.0 2,180.7 Mean daily sunshine hours 2.2 3.2 4.6 6.0 8.0 9.6 10.3 9.3 7.8 5.1 3.1 2.0 5.9 Mean daily daylight hours 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 14 12 11 10 9 12 Percent possible sunshine 22 29 38 46 57 64 69 66 65 46 31 22 46 Average ultraviolet index 2 2 4 5 7 8 9 8 6 4 2 1 5 Source: [105][109][110] | WIKI |
| Climate data for Florya, Istanbul (normals 1981xe2x80x932010, extremes 1950xe2x80x932021, snowy days 1990-2005) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 19.7(67.5) 24.0(75.2) 25.1(77.2) 29.6(85.3) 33.8(92.8) 39.2(102.6) 40.0(104.0) 39.4(102.9) 37.5(99.5) 34.0(93.2) 28.0(82.4) 22.5(72.5) 40.0(104.0) Average high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 8.6(47.5) 8.8(47.8) 11.3(52.3) 16.5(61.7) 21.5(70.7) 26.4(79.5) 28.9(84.0) 29.1(84.4) 25.1(77.2) 19.9(67.8) 14.5(58.1) 10.5(50.9) 18.4(65.2) Daily mean xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 6.0(42.8) 5.8(42.4) 7.9(46.2) 12.3(54.1) 17.2(63.0) 22.0(71.6) 24.6(76.3) 24.9(76.8) 21.0(69.8) 16.5(61.7) 11.5(52.7) 8.0(46.4) 14.8(58.7) Average low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 3.4(38.1) 2.9(37.2) 4.5(40.1) 8.1(46.6) 12.9(55.2) 17.6(63.7) 20.3(68.5) 20.7(69.3) 17.0(62.6) 13.2(55.8) 8.5(47.3) 5.5(41.9) 11.2(52.2) Record low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) xe2x88x9212.6(9.3) xe2x88x929.0(15.8) xe2x88x927.1(19.2) xe2x88x922.8(27.0) 0.5(32.9) 4.7(40.5) 10.0(50.0) 9.0(48.2) 7.4(45.3) xe2x88x920.6(30.9) xe2x88x922.9(26.8) xe2x88x926.8(19.8) xe2x88x9212.6(9.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.8(3.06) 72.3(2.85) 59.1(2.33) 44.8(1.76) 41.9(1.65) 35.9(1.41) 30.0(1.18) 43.2(1.70) 39.3(1.55) 90.0(3.54) 85.7(3.37) 103.0(4.06) 723.1(28.47) Average precipitation days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 mm) 17.0 16.8 15.1 10.3 7.7 5.9 3.4 5.1 8.4 11.7 12.1 16.3 129.8 Average snowy days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 cm) 2.7 3.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.0 8.0 Mean monthly sunshine hours 78.9 79.1 117.0 149.2 196.3 214.9 247.3 224.3 167.0 121.8 90.0 70.3 1,756.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 2.5 2.8 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.2 7.9 7.2 5.5 3.9 3.0 2.3 4.8 Percent possible sunshine 25 26 32 42 45 48 52 51 46 35 30 25 38 Source: [111][112] | WIKI |
| Climate data for Bahxc3xa7ekxc3xb6y, Istanbul (normals and extremes 1981xe2x80x932010, snowy days 1990-1999) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 25.3(77.5) 27.3(81.1) 27.2(81.0) 33.6(92.5) 34.4(93.9) 36.6(97.9) 38.7(101.7) 38.0(100.4) 38.2(100.8) 35.7(96.3) 28.0(82.4) 23.8(74.8) 38.7(101.7) Average high xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 7.6(45.7) 8.3(46.9) 10.2(50.4) 16.4(61.5) 20.6(69.1) 25.0(77.0) 26.4(79.5) 26.6(79.9) 23.7(74.7) 19.0(66.2) 14.2(57.6) 9.8(49.6) 17.3(63.2) Daily mean xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 4.6(40.3) 4.0(39.2) 5.9(42.6) 10.3(50.5) 15.4(59.7) 19.8(67.6) 21.5(70.7) 21.6(70.9) 18.1(64.6) 14.1(57.4) 9.5(49.1) 6.3(43.3) 12.6(54.7) Average low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 1.3(34.3) 1.1(34.0) 2.5(36.5) 6.4(43.5) 10.6(51.1) 14.7(58.5) 17.0(62.6) 17.9(64.2) 13.9(57.0) 10.7(51.3) 6.8(44.2) 3.4(38.1) 8.9(47.9) Record low xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) xe2x88x9216.0(3.2) xe2x88x9215.4(4.3) xe2x88x9210.6(12.9) xe2x88x923.1(26.4) 0.9(33.6) 5.7(42.3) 7.8(46.0) 8.0(46.4) 3.1(37.6) xe2x88x921.2(29.8) xe2x88x924.3(24.3) xe2x88x929.8(14.4) xe2x88x9216.0(3.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 163.7(6.44) 112.5(4.43) 101.3(3.99) 68.3(2.69) 55.8(2.20) 47.4(1.87) 45.3(1.78) 71.9(2.83) 79.6(3.13) 119.0(4.69) 164.3(6.47) 188.3(7.41) 1,217.4(47.93) Average precipitation days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 mm) 15.8 14.2 12.9 10.1 8.3 6.9 5.8 5.9 7.4 12.6 15.4 19.8 135.1 Average snowy days (xe2x89xa5 0.1 cm) 4.6 5.2 1.7 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.0 16.2 Source: [113][114] | WIKI |
| Climate data for Istanbul Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average sea temperature xc2xb0C (xc2xb0F) 8.4(47.1) 7.7(45.9) 8.3(46.9) 10.2(50.4) 15.5(59.9) 21.3(70.3) 24.6(76.3) 24.9(76.8) 22.8(73.0) 18.4(65.1) 13.8(56.8) 10.5(50.9) 15.5(60.0) Source: Weather Atlas [115] | WIKI |
| As with virtually every part of the world, climate change is causing more heatwaves,[116] droughts,[117] storms,[118] and flooding[119][120] in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its urban heat island has been intensifying the effects of climate change. | WIKI |
| [94] Considering past data,[121] it is very likely that these two factors are responsible for urban Istanbul's shift, from a warm-summer climate to a hot-summer one in the Kxc3xb6ppen climate classification, and from the cool temperate zone to the warm temperate/subtropical zone in the Trewartha climate classification. | WIKI |
| [125] Xeriscaping of green spaces has been suggested,[126] and Istanbul has a climate-change action plan. | WIKI |
| See also: Historic Areas of Istanbul and List of urban centers in Istanbul | WIKI |
| The Fatih district, which was named after Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmed), corresponds to what was, until the Ottoman conquest in 1453, the whole of the city of Constantinople (today is the capital district and called the historic peninsula of Istanbul) on the southern shore of the Golden Horn, across the medieval Genoese citadel of Galata on the northern shore. | WIKI |
| [128] Galata (Karakxc3xb6y) is today a quarter within the Beyoxc4x9flu (Pera) district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes xc4xb0stiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. | WIKI |
| [130] Farther inland, outside the city's inner ring road, are Levent and Maslak, Istanbul's main business districts. | WIKI |
| Originally outside the city, yalxc4xb1 residences along the Bosphorus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods. | WIKI |
| [132] Much of the Asian side of the Bosphorus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. | WIKI |
| [132] As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondus (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. | WIKI |
| Istanbul does not have a primary urban park, but it has several green areas. | WIKI |
| Gxc3xbclhane Park and Yxc4xb1ldxc4xb1z Park were originally included within the grounds of two of Istanbul's palacesxe2x80x94Topkapxc4xb1 Palace and Yxc4xb1ldxc4xb1z Palacexe2x80x94but they were repurposed as public parks in the early decades of the Turkish Republic. | WIKI |
| Panoramic view of Istanbul from the confluence of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. | WIKI |
| See also: Architecture of Istanbul, Ottoman architecture, and Architecture of Turkey | WIKI |
| Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, and despite its development as a Turkish city since 1453, contains a vast array of ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim and Jewish monuments. | WIKI |
| Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with a vast building scheme that included the construction of towering mosques and ornate palaces. | WIKI |
| Among the oldest surviving examples of Ottoman architecture in Istanbul are the Anadoluhisarxc4xb1 and Rumelihisarxc4xb1 fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. | WIKI |
| [154] Over the next four centuries, the Ottomans made an indelible impression on the skyline of Istanbul, building towering mosques and ornate palaces. | WIKI |
| Topkapxc4xb1 Palace, dating back to 1465, is the oldest seat of government surviving in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| Main articles: List of districts of Istanbul and List of neighborhoods of Istanbul | WIKI |
| Istanbul's districts extend far from the city center, along the full length of the Bosphorus (with the Black Sea at the top and the Sea of Marmara at the bottom of the map). | WIKI |
| Since 2004, the municipal boundaries of Istanbul have been coincident with the boundaries of its province. | WIKI |
| [160] The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), which oversees the 39 districts of the city-province. | WIKI |
| Statue of Atatxc3xbcrk in Bxc3xbcyxc3xbckada, the largest of the Prince Islands to the southeast of Istanbul, which collectively form the Adalar (Isles) district of Istanbul Province | WIKI |
| Small settlements adjacent to major population centers in Turkey, including Istanbul, were merged into their respective primary cities during the early 1980s, resulting in metropolitan municipalities. | WIKI |
| [165][166] The main decision-making body of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality is the Municipal Council, with members drawn from district councils. | WIKI |
| [171] Representing the Republican People's Party, Ekrem xc4xb0mamoxc4x9flu has been the Mayor of Istanbul since 27 June 2019. | WIKI |
| With the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality and Istanbul Province having equivalent jurisdictions, few responsibilities remain for the provincial government. | WIKI |
| Similar to the MMI, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration has a governor, a democratically elected decision-making bodyxe2x80x94the Provincial Parliamentxe2x80x94and an appointed Executive Committee. | WIKI |
| Main article: Demographics of Istanbul | WIKI |
| Throughout most of its history, Istanbul has ranked among the largest cities in the world. | WIKI |
| The Turkish Statistical Institute estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 15,519,267 at the end of 2019, hosting 19 percent of the country's population. | WIKI |
| Istanbul ranks as the seventh-largest city proper in the world, and the second-largest urban agglomeration in Europe, after Moscow. | WIKI |
| Istanbul experienced especially rapid growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population increasing tenfold between 1950 and 2000. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's foreign population with a residence permit increased dramatically, from 43,000 in 2007[184] to 856,377 in 2019. | WIKI |
| Main article: Religion in Istanbul | WIKI |
| See also: Assyrians in Turkey, Kurds in Istanbul, Bosniaks in Turkey, Greeks in Turkey, Armenians in Turkey, Jews in Turkey, and Albanians in Turkey | WIKI |
| Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. | WIKI |
| [187] Following Turkey's support for the Arab Spring, Istanbul emerged as a hub for dissidents from across the Arab world, including former presidential candidates from Egypt, Kuwaiti MPs, and former ministers from Jordan, Saudi Arabia (including Jamal Khashoggi), Syria, and Yemen. | WIKI |
| [188][189][190] The number of refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Turkey residing in Istanbul is estimated to be around 1 million. | WIKI |
| With estimates ranging from 2 to 4 million, Kurds form the other largest ethnic minority in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [192][193] According to a 2006 KONDA study, Kurds constituted 14.8% of Istanbul's total population. | WIKI |
| Into the 19th century, the Christians of Istanbul tended to be either Greek Orthodox, members of the Armenian Apostolic Church or Catholic Levantines. | WIKI |
| While Istanbul's Greek population was exempted from the 1923 population exchange with Greece, changes in tax status and the 1955 anti-Greek pogrom prompted thousands to leave. | WIKI |
| [198] There are today 123,363 Armenians in Istanbul, down from a peak of 164,000 in 1913. | WIKI |
| [199] As of 2019, an estimated 18,000 of the country's 25,000 Christian Assyrians live in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| The majority of the Catholic Levantines (Turkish: Levanten) in Istanbul and Izmir are the descendants of traders/colonists from the Italian maritime republics of the Mediterranean (especially Genoa and Venice) and France, who obtained special rights and privileges called the Capitulations from the Ottoman sultans in the 16th century. | WIKI |
| [203] They continue to live in Istanbul (mostly in Karakxc3xb6y, Beyoxc4x9flu and Nixc5x9fantaxc5x9fxc4xb1), and Izmir (mostly in Karxc5x9fxc4xb1yaka, Bornova and Buca). | WIKI |
| Istanbul became one of the world's most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. | WIKI |
| [204] Romaniote and Ashkenazi communities existed in Istanbul before the conquest of Istanbul, but it was the arrival of Sephardic Jews that ushered a period of cultural flourishing. | WIKI |
| [205] Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce, and came to particularly dominate the medical profession. | WIKI |
| Ekrem xc4xb0mamoxc4x9flu of the CHP is the 32nd and current Mayor of Istanbul, elected in 2019. | WIKI |
| Politically, Istanbul is seen as the most important administrative region in Turkey. | WIKI |
| Many politicians, including President Recep Tayyip Erdoxc4x9fan, are of the view that a political party's performance in Istanbul is more significant than its general performance overall. | WIKI |
| This is due to the city's role as Turkey's financial center, its large electorate and the fact that Erdoxc4x9fan himself was elected Mayor of Istanbul in 1994. | WIKI |
| [citation needed] In the run-up to local elections in 2019, Erdoxc4x9fan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. | WIKI |
| The contest in Istanbul carried deep political, economic and symbolic significance for Erdoxc4x9fan, whose election of mayor of Istanbul in 1994 had served as his launchpad. | WIKI |
| [209] For Ekrem xc4xb0mamoxc4x9flu, winning the mayorship of Istanbul was a huge moral victory, but for Erdoxc4x9fan it had practical ramifications: His party, AKP, lost control of the $4.8xc2xa0billion municipal budget, which had sustained patronage at the point of delivery of many public services for 25 years. | WIKI |
| More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. | WIKI |
| The first government defeat in Istanbul occurred in the 2017 constitutional referendum, where Istanbul voted 'No' by 51.4% to 48.6%. | WIKI |
| Administratively, Istanbul is divided into 39 districts, more than any other province in Turkey. | WIKI |
| As a province, Istanbul sends 98 Members of Parliament to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, which has a total of 600 seats. | WIKI |
| For the purpose of parliamentary elections, Istanbul is divided into three electoral districts; two on the European side and one on the Asian side, electing 28, 35 and 35 MPs respectively. | WIKI |
| Main article: Economy of Istanbul | WIKI |
| A view of Levent[211][212] financial district from Istanbul Sapphire. | WIKI |
| Istanbul had the eleventh-largest economy among the world's urban areas in 2018, and is responsible for 30 percent of Turkey's industrial output,[213] 31 percent of GDP,[213] and 47 percent of tax revenues. | WIKI |
| [213] Istanbul's productivity is 110 percent higher than the national average. | WIKI |
| [15] In 2019, companies based in Istanbul produced exports worth $83.66 billion and received imports totaling $128.34 billion; these figures were equivalent to 47 percent and 61 percent, respectively, of the national totals. | WIKI |
| Istanbul, which straddles the Bosporus strait, houses international ports that link Europe and Asia. | WIKI |
| In 2011, as a workaround solution, the then Prime Minister Erdoxc4x9fan presented Canal Istanbul, a project to open a new strait between the Black and Marmara seas. | WIKI |
| [15] Istanbul has three major shipping ports xe2x80x93 the Port of Haydarpaxc5x9fa, the Port of Ambarlxc4xb1, and the Port of Zeytinburnu xe2x80x93 as well as several smaller ports and oil terminals along the Bosporus and the Sea of Marmara. | WIKI |
| [15] Haydarpaxc5x9fa, at the southeastern end of the Bosporus, was Istanbul's largest port until the early 2000s. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has been an international banking hub since the 1980s,[15] and is home to the only stock exchange in Turkey. | WIKI |
| Borsa Istanbul was originally established as the Ottoman Stock Exchange in 1866. | WIKI |
| [219] In 1995, keeping up with the financial trends, Borsa Istanbul has moved its headquarters from Bankalar Caddesi xe2x80x93 traditionally the financial center of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey,[219] xe2x80x93 to the district of Maslak, which hosts the headquarters of the majority of Turkish banks. | WIKI |
| [220] By 2022,[221] Borsa Istanbul is scheduled to move to a new planned district in Ataxc5x9fehir, which will host the headquarters of Turkish banks, including the Central Bank that is currently headquartered in Ankara. | WIKI |
| [222] Whereas 2.4xc2xa0million foreigners visited the city in 2000,[citation needed] there were 13.4 million foreign tourists in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city. | WIKI |
| [14] Istanbul is, after Antalya, Turkey's second-largest international gateway, receiving a quarter of the nation's foreign tourists. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with Topkapxc4xb1 Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than $30 million in revenue each year. | WIKI |
| Main article: Culture of Istanbul | WIKI |
| Istanbul was historically known as a cultural hub, but its cultural scene stagnated after the Turkish Republic shifted its focus toward Ankara. | WIKI |
| Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory. | WIKI |
| By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. | WIKI |
| Despite efforts to make Ankara Turkey's cultural heart, Istanbul had the country's primary institution of art until the 1970s. | WIKI |
| [226] When additional universities and art journals were founded in Istanbul during the 1980s, artists formerly based in Ankara moved in. | WIKI |
| [231] Istanbul also became the heart of Turkey's nascent film industry, although Turkish films were not consistently developed until the 1950s. | WIKI |
| [232] Since then, Istanbul has been the most popular location to film Turkish dramas and comedies. | WIKI |
| [233] The Turkish film industry ramped up in the second half of the century, and with Uzak (2002) and My Father and My Son (2005), both filmed in Istanbul, the nation's movies began to see substantial international success. | WIKI |
| [234] Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including From Russia with Love (1963), Topkapi (1964), The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Mission Istaanbul (2008). | WIKI |
| Coinciding with this cultural reemergence was the establishment of the Istanbul Festival, which began showcasing a variety of art from Turkey and around the world in 1973. | WIKI |
| From this flagship festival came the International Istanbul Film Festival and the Istanbul International Jazz Festival in the early 1980s. | WIKI |
| With its focus now solely on music and dance, the Istanbul Festival has been known as the Istanbul International Music Festival since 1994. | WIKI |
| [236] The most prominent of the festivals that evolved from the original Istanbul Festival is the Istanbul Biennial, held every two years since 1987. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has numerous shopping centers, from the historic to the modern. | WIKI |
| [238][239] Mahmutpasha Bazaar is an open-air market extending between the Grand Bazaar and the Egyptian Bazaar, which has been Istanbul's major spice market since 1660. | WIKI |
| Akmerkez was awarded the titles of "Europe's best" and "World's best" shopping mall by the International Council of Shopping Centers in 1995 and 1996; Istanbul Cevahir has been one of the continent's largest since opening in 2005; Kanyon won the Cityscape Architectural Review Award in the Commercial Built category in 2006. | WIKI |
| Istanbul is known for its historic seafood restaurants. | WIKI |
| [244] Istanbul is also famous for its sophisticated and elaborately-cooked dishes of the Ottoman cuisine. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries if not millennia. | WIKI |
| [248] Other focal points for Istanbul's nightlife include Nixc5x9fantaxc5x9fxc4xb1, Ortakxc3xb6y, Bebek, and Kadxc4xb1kxc3xb6y. | WIKI |
| See also: List of sport facilities in Istanbul | WIKI |
| Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest sports clubs. | WIKI |
| [252] Istanbul has seven basketball teamsxe2x80x94Anadolu Efes, Bexc5x9fiktaxc5x9f, Darxc3xbcxc5x9fxc5x9fafaka, Fenerbahxc3xa7e, Galatasaray, xc4xb0stanbul Bxc3xbcyxc3xbckxc5x9fehir Belediyespor and Bxc3xbcyxc3xbckxc3xa7ekmecexe2x80x94that play in the premier-level Turkish Basketball Super League. | WIKI |
| Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the Summer Olympic Games. | WIKI |
| [262] Prior to the completion of the Sinan Erdem Dome in 2010, Abdi xc4xb0pekxc3xa7i Arena was Istanbul's primary indoor arena, having hosted the finals of EuroBasket 2001. | WIKI |
| [263] Several other indoor arenas, including the Bexc5x9fiktaxc5x9f Akatlar Arena, have also been inaugurated since 2000, serving as the home courts of Istanbul's sports clubs. | WIKI |
| Between the 2005xe2x80x932011 seasons,[266] and in the 2020 season,[267] Istanbul Park racing circuit hosted the Formula One Turkish Grand Prix. | WIKI |
| [268] Istanbul Park was also a venue of the World Touring Car Championship and the European Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006, but the track has not seen either of these competitions since then. | WIKI |
| Istanbul was occasionally a venue of the F1 Powerboat World Championship, with the last race on the Bosphorus strait on 12xe2x80x9313 August 2000. | WIKI |
| [272] Istanbul Sailing Club, established in 1952, hosts races and other sailing events on the waterways in and around Istanbul each year. | WIKI |
| Most state-run radio and television stations are based in Ankara, but Istanbul is the primary hub of Turkish media. | WIKI |
| Istanbul now has a wide variety of periodicals. | WIKI |
| Most nationwide newspapers are based in Istanbul, with simultaneous Ankara and xc4xb0zmir editions. | WIKI |
| [276] Hxc3xbcrriyet, Sabah, Posta and Sxc3xb6zcxc3xbc, the country's top four papers, are all headquartered in Istanbul, boasting more than 275,000 weekly sales each. | WIKI |
| Several smaller newspapers, including popular publications like Cumhuriyet, Milliyet and Habertxc3xbcrk are also based in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [276] Istanbul also has long-running Armenian language newspapers, notably the dailies Marmara and Jamanak and the bilingual weekly Agos in Armenian and Turkish. | WIKI |
| TRT Istanbul Radio | WIKI |
| Radio broadcasts in Istanbul date back to 1927, when Turkey's first radio transmission came from atop the Central Post Office in Eminxc3xb6nxc3xbc. | WIKI |
| [278] Today, TRT runs four national radio stations; these stations have transmitters across the country so each can reach over 90 percent of the country's population, but only Radio 2 is based in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [278] Istanbul's airwaves are the busiest in Turkey, primarily featuring either Turkish-language or English-language content. | WIKI |
| Among Turkey's first private stations, and the first featuring foreign popular music, was Istanbul's Metro FM (97.2 FM). | WIKI |
| TRT-Children is the only TRT television station based in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [280] Istanbul is home to the headquarters of several Turkish stations and regional headquarters of international media outlets. | WIKI |
| Istanbul-based Star TV was the first private television network to be established following the end of the TRT monopoly; Star TV and Show TV (also based in Istanbul) remain highly popular throughout the country, airing Turkish and American series. | WIKI |
| [281] Kanal D and ATV are other stations in Istanbul that offer a mix of news and series; NTV (partnered with U.S. media outlet MSNBC) and Sky Turkxe2x80x94both based in the cityxe2x80x94are mainly just known for their news coverage in Turkish. | WIKI |
| The BBC has a regional office in Istanbul, assisting its Turkish-language news operations, and the American news channel CNN established the Turkish-language CNN Txc3xbcrk there in 1999. | WIKI |
| In 2015, more than 57,000 students attended 7,934 schools,[283] including the renowned Galatasaray High School, Kabataxc5x9f Erkek Lisesi, and Istanbul Lisesi. | WIKI |
| Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in Turkey are in Istanbul. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has more than 93 colleges and universities,[283] with 400,000 students[284] enrolled in 2016. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's first private university, Koxc3xa7 University, was founded as late as 1992, because private universities were officially outlawed in Turkey before the 1982 amendment to the constitution. | WIKI |
| Four public universities with a major presence in the city, Boxc4x9fazixc3xa7i University, Galatasaray University, Istanbul Technical University (the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering), Istanbul University provide education in English (all but Galatasaray University) and French. | WIKI |
| Istanbul is also home to several conservatories and art schools, including Mimar Sinan Academy of Fine Arts, founded in 1882. | WIKI |
| Main article: Utilities in Istanbul | WIKI |
| Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. | WIKI |
| [287] Today, Istanbul has a chlorinated and filtered water supply and a sewage treatment system managed by the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (xc4xb0stanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon xc4xb0daresi, xc4xb0SKxc4xb0). | WIKI |
| The Silahtaraxc4x9fa Power Station, now the art museum SantralIstanbul, was Istanbul's sole source of power between 1914 and 1952. | WIKI |
| The Silahtaraxc4x9fa Power Station, a coal-fired power plant along the Golden Horn, was the sole source of Istanbul's electricity between 1914, when its first engine room was completed, and 1952. | WIKI |
| By 1876, the first international mailing network between Istanbul and the lands beyond the Ottoman Empire had been established. | WIKI |
| [291] Sultan Abdxc3xbclmecid I issued Samuel Morse his first official honor for the telegraph in 1847, and construction of the first telegraph linexe2x80x94between Istanbul and Edirnexe2x80x94finished in time to announce the end of the Crimean War in 1856. | WIKI |
| The Istanbul Grand Post Office dates back to 1909. | WIKI |
| A nascent telephone system began to emerge in Istanbul in 1881 and after the first manual telephone exchange became operational in Istanbul in 1909, the Ministry of Post and Telegraph became the Ministry of Post, Telegraph, and Telephone. | WIKI |
| [291][294] GSM cellular networks arrived in Turkey in 1994, with Istanbul among the first cities to receive the service. | WIKI |
| In 2000, Istanbul had 137 hospitals, of which 100 were private. | WIKI |
| Main article: Public transport in Istanbul | WIKI |
| Istanbul's motorways network are the O-1, O-2, O-3, O-4 and O-7. | WIKI |
| [304] The O-7[305] or Kuzey Marmara Otoyolu, is a motorway that bypass Istanbul to the north. | WIKI |
| The O-7 motorway from Kinali Gixc5x9feleri to Istanbul Park Service has 139xc2xa0km, with 8 lanes (4x4). | WIKI |
| Environmentalist groups worry that the third bridge will endanger the remaining green areas to the north of Istanbul. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's nostalgic and modern tram systems | WIKI |
| Istanbul's local public transportation system is a network of commuter trains, trams, funiculars, metro lines, buses, bus rapid transit, and ferries. | WIKI |
| [310] Trams in Istanbul date back to 1872, when they were horse-drawn, but even the first electrified trams were decommissioned in the 1960s. | WIKI |
| [311] Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway, and Tunnel General Management (xc4xb0ETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of a nostalgic route and a faster modern tram line, which now carries 265,000 passengers each day. | WIKI |
| Boxc4x9fazixc3xa7i University station of the Istanbul MetroMarmaray commuter rail at Ayrxc4xb1lxc4xb1kxc3xa7exc5x9fmesi station | WIKI |
| [315][316] The two sides of Istanbul's metro are connected under the Bosphorus by the Marmaray Tunnel, inaugurated in 2013 as the first rail connection between Thrace and Anatolia, having 13.5xc2xa0km length. | WIKI |
| [317] The Marmaray tunnel together with the suburban railways lines along the Sea of Marmara, is part of intercontinental commuter rail line in Istanbul, from Halkalxc4xb1 on the European side to Gebze on the Asian side. | WIKI |
| xc4xb0DO (Istanbul Seabuses) runs a combination of all-passenger ferries and car-and-passenger ferries to ports on both sides of the Bosphorus, as far north as the Black Sea. | WIKI |
| [323] The city's main cruise ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karakxc3xb6y, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour. | WIKI |
| [324] Most visitors enter Istanbul by air, but about half a million foreign tourists enter the city by sea each year. | WIKI |
| Originally opened in 1873 with a smaller terminal building as the main terminus of the Rumelia (Balkan) Railway of the Ottoman Empire, which connected Istanbul with Vienna, the current Sirkeci Terminal building was constructed between 1888 and 1890, and became the eastern terminus of the Orient Express from Paris. | WIKI |
| International rail service from Istanbul launched in 1889, with a line between Bucharest and Istanbul's Sirkeci Terminal, which ultimately became famous as the eastern terminus of the Orient Express from Paris. | WIKI |
| [327][328] After Istanbul's Haydarpaxc5x9fa Terminal opened in 1908, it served as the western terminus of the Baghdad Railway and an extension of the Hejaz Railway; today, neither service is offered directly from Istanbul. | WIKI |
| [332] New stations to replace both the Haydarpaxc5x9fa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, are expected to open upon completion of the Marmaray project; until then, Istanbul is without intercity rail service. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's main bus station is the largest in Europe, with a daily capacity of 15,000 buses and 600,000 passengers, serving destinations as distant as Frankfurt. | WIKI |
| Istanbul had three large international airports, two of which are currently in active service for commercial passenger flights. | WIKI |
| Istanbul AirportSabiha Gxc3xb6kxc3xa7en Airport | WIKI |
| Dominated by low-cost carriers, Istanbul's second airport has rapidly become popular, especially since the opening of a new international terminal in 2009;[339] the airport handled 14.7 million passengers in 2012, a year after Airports Council International named it the world's fastest-growing airport. | WIKI |
| List of twin towns and sister cities of Istanbul | WIKI |
| Strategically located on the Bosphorus peninsula between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Istanbul was successively the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire and has been associated with major events in political history, religious history and art history for more than 2,000 years. | UNESCO |
| The Outstanding Universal Value of Istanbul resides in its unique integration of architectural masterpieces that reflect the meeting of Europe and Asia over many centuries, and in its incomparable skyline formed by the creative genius of Byzantine and Ottoman architects. | UNESCO |
| The distinctive and characteristic skyline of Istanbul was built up over many centuries and encompasses thexc2xa0 Hagiaxc2xa0 Sophia whose vast dome reflects the architectural and decorative expertise of the 6th century,xc2xa0 the 15th century Fatih complex and Topkapi Palace - that was continually extended until the 19th century, the Sxc3xbcleymaniye Mosque complex and Sehzade Mosque complex, works of the chief architect Sinan, reflecting the climax of Ottoman architecture in the 16th century, the 17th century Blue Mosque and the slender minarets of the New Mosque near the port completed in 1664. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): Throughout history the monuments in Istanbul have exerted considerable influence on the development of architecture, monumental arts and the organization of space, both in Europe and the Near East. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): Istanbul bears unique testimony to the Byzantine and Ottoman civilizations through its large number of high quality examples of a great range of building types, some with associated artworks. | UNESCO |
| The Historic Areas of Istanbul include the key attributes that convey the Outstanding Universal Value of Istanbul as the parts of the city that had escaped major changes and deterioration in the 19th and 20th centuries and were already protected by national legislation at the time of inscription. | UNESCO |
| The Site Management Directorate for Cultural and Natural Sites of Istanbul was established within the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality in 2006 to coordinate management planning processes for World Heritage Sites of Istanbul. | UNESCO |
| The national government has allocated a large amount of funding for restoration and conservation projects within the site as part of the European Capital of Culture campaign, in addition to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism's, the Istanbul Special Provincial Administration's, General Directorate of Pious Foundation's and the local administration's annual budgets. | UNESCO |