Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Historic Areas of Istanbul' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Largest city in Turkey | WIKI |
| Istanbul (/xcbx8cxc9xaastxc3xa6nxcbx88bxcax8al/ IST-an-BUUL,[7][8] US also /xcbx88xc9xaastxc3xa6nbxcax8al/ IST-an-buul; Turkish: xc4xb0stanbul [isxcbx88tanbuxc9xab] (listen)) is the largest city in Turkey and the country's economic, cultural and historic center. | WIKI |
| The city straddles the Bosphorus strait, and lies in both Europe and Asia, with a population of over 15 million residents, comprising 19% of the population of Turkey. | WIKI |
| [4] Istanbul is the most populous city in Europe,[b] and the world's fifteenth-largest city. | WIKI |
| Founded as Byzantion by Megarian colonists in 657 BCE,[9] and renamed by Constantine the Great first as New Rome (Nova Roma) during the official dedication of the city as the new Roman capital in 330 CE,[9] which he soon afterwards changed as Constantinople (Constantinopolis),[9][10] the city grew in size and influence, becoming a beacon of the Silk Road and one of the most important cities in history. | WIKI |
| [12] In 1923, after the Turkish War of Independence, Ankara replaced the city as the capital of the newly formed Republic of Turkey. | WIKI |
| In 1930 the city's name was officially changed to Istanbul, an appellation Greek speakers used since the eleventh century to colloquially refer to the city. | WIKI |
| Over 13.4 million foreign visitors came to Istanbul in 2018, eight years after it was named a European Capital of Culture, making the city the world's fifth-most popular tourist destination. | WIKI |
| The first known name of the city is Byzantium (Greek: xcex92xcfx85xcexb6xcexacxcexbdxcfx84xcexb9xcexbfxcexbd, Byzxc3xa1ntion), the name given to it at its foundation by Megarian colonists around 657 BCE. | WIKI |
| [9][18] Megaran colonists claimed a direct line back to the founders of the city, Byzas, the son of the god Poseidon and the nymph Ceroxc3xabssa. | WIKI |
| [19] Constantinople comes from the Latin name Constantinus, after Constantine the Great, the Roman emperor who refounded the city in 324 CE. | WIKI |
| [18] Constantinople remained the most common name for the city in the West until the 1930s, when Turkish authorities began to press for the use of "Istanbul" in foreign languages. | WIKI |
| The name xc4xb0stanbul (Turkish pronunciation:xc2xa0[isxcbx88tanbuxc9xab] (listen), colloquially [xc9xafsxcbx88tambuxc9xab]) is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase "xcexb5xe1xbcxb0xcfx82 xcfx84xe1xbdxb4xcexbd xcexa0xcfx8cxcexbbxcexb9xcexbd" (pronounced [is tim xcbx88bolin]), which means "to the city"[21] and is how Constantinople was referred to by the local Greeks. | WIKI |
| This reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. | WIKI |
| [24] A person from the city is an xc4xb0stanbullu (plural: xc4xb0stanbullular); Istanbulite is used in English. | WIKI |
| The settlers built an acropolis adjacent to the Golden Horn on the site of the early Thracian settlements, fueling the nascent city's economy. | WIKI |
| [39] The city experienced a brief period of Persian rule at the turn of the 5th century BCE, but the Greeks recaptured it during the Greco-Persian Wars. | WIKI |
| [42] Byzantium's decision to side with the Roman usurper Pescennius Niger against Emperor Septimius Severus cost it dearly; by the time it surrendered at the end of 195 CE, two years of siege had left the city devastated. | WIKI |
| [43] Five years later, Severus began to rebuild Byzantium, and the city regainedxe2x80x94and, by some accounts, surpassedxe2x80x94its previous prosperity. | WIKI |
| [46] Two months later, he laid out the plans for a new, Christian city to replace Byzantium. | WIKI |
| As the eastern capital of the empire, the city was named Nova Roma; most called it Constantinople, a name that persisted into the 20th century. | WIKI |
| [47] On 11 May 330, Constantinople was proclaimed the capital of the Roman Empire, which was later permanently divided between the two sons of Theodosius I upon his death on 17 January 395, when the city became the capital of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire. | WIKI |
| The establishment of Constantinople was one of Constantine's most lasting accomplishments, shifting Roman power eastward as the city became a center of Greek culture and Christianity. | WIKI |
| [48][49] Numerous churches were built across the city, including Hagia Sophia which was built during the reign of Justinian the Great and remained the world's largest cathedral for a thousand years. | WIKI |
| [49] During most of the Middle Ages, the latter part of the Byzantine era, Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city on the European continent and at times the largest in the world. | WIKI |
| The Fourth Crusade was diverted from its purpose in 1204, and the city was sacked and pillaged by the crusaders. | WIKI |
| [d] After the reconquest of 1261, however, some of the city's monuments were restored, and some, like the two Deesis mosaics in Hagia Sofia and Kariye, were created. | WIKI |
| Hours later, the sultan rode to the Hagia Sophia and summoned an imam to proclaim the Islamic creed, converting the grand cathedral into an imperial mosque due to the city's refusal to surrender peacefully. | WIKI |
| Following the conquest of Constantinople,[e] Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. | WIKI |
| Cognizant that revitalization would fail without the repopulation of the city, Mehmed II welcomed everyonexe2x80x93foreigners, criminals, and runawaysxe2x80x93 showing extraordinary openness and willingness to incorporate outsiders that came to define Ottoman political culture. | WIKI |
| [67] Like many monarchs before and since, Mehmed II transformed Istanbul's urban landscape with wholesale redevelopment of the city center. | WIKI |
| [12] Suleiman the Magnificent's reign from 1520 to 1566 was a period of especially great artistic and architectural achievement; chief architect Mimar Sinan designed several iconic buildings in the city, while Ottoman arts of ceramics, stained glass, calligraphy, and miniature flourished. | WIKI |
| A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually to the Tanzimat period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. | WIKI |
| [79] Due to Ottoman and Turkish policies of Turkification and ethnic cleansing, the city's Christian population declined from 450,000 to 240,000 between 1914 and 1927. | WIKI |
| The Treaty of Lausanne was signed on 24 July 1923, and the occupation of Constantinople ended with the departure of the last forces of the Allies from the city on 4 October 1923. | WIKI |
| after the departure of the dynasty in 1925, from being the most international city in Europe, Constantinople became one of the most nationalistic....Unlike Vienna, Constantinople turned its back on the past. | WIKI |
| [86] From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Istanbul underwent great structural change, as new public squares, boulevards, and avenues were constructed throughout the city, sometimes at the expense of historical buildings. | WIKI |
| [87] The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. | WIKI |
| This sudden, sharp rise in the city's population caused a large demand for housing, and many previously outlying villages and forests became engulfed into the metropolitan area of Istanbul. | WIKI |
| A panoramic view of the Ottoman era city from Galata Tower in the 19th century (image with notes) | WIKI |
| [15] Historically, the city has been ideally situated for trade and defense: The confluence of the Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus, and the Golden Horn provide both ideal defense against enemy attack and a natural toll-gate. | WIKI |
| [15] Several picturesque islandsxe2x80x94Bxc3xbcyxc3xbckada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, Kxc4xb1nalxc4xb1ada, and five smaller islandsxe2x80x94are part of the city. | WIKI |
| Large sections of Caddebostan sit on areas of landfill, increasing the total area of the city to 5,343 square kilometers (2,063xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi). | WIKI |
| Despite the myth that seven hills make up the city, there are in fact more than 50 hills within the city limits. | WIKI |
| The nearby North Anatolian Fault is responsible for much earthquake activity, although it doesn't physically pass through the city itself. | WIKI |
| [89] The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development, with over 500,000[89] vulnerable buildings demolished and replaced since 2012. | WIKI |
| [90] The city has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, most recently in 2018,[90] requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction. | WIKI |
| Consequently, Istanbul's temperatures almost always oscillate between xe2x88x925xc2xa0xc2xb0C (23xc2xa0xc2xb0F) and 32xc2xa0xc2xb0C (90xc2xa0xc2xb0F),[94] and most of the city does not experience temperatures above 30xc2xa0xc2xb0C (86xc2xa0xc2xb0F) for more than 14 days a year. | WIKI |
| [101] Within the city, rainfall varies widely owing to the rain shadow of the hills in Istanbul, from around 600 millimeters (24xc2xa0in) on the southern fringe at Florya to 1,200 millimeters (47xc2xa0in) on the northern fringe at Bahxc3xa7ekxc3xb6y. | WIKI |
| [102] Furthermore, while the city itself lies in USDA hardiness zones 9a to 9b, its inland suburbs lie in zone 8b with isolated pockets of zone 8a, restricting the cultivation of cold-hardy subtropical plants to the coasts. | WIKI |
| Despite the fact that it does not have the cold winters typical of such cities, Istanbul averages more than 60 centimeters (24xc2xa0in) of snow a year, making it the snowiest major city in the Mediterranean basin. | WIKI |
| [105] The highest recorded snow cover in the city center was 80 centimeters (31xc2xa0in) on 4 January 1942, and 104 centimeters (41xc2xa0in) in the northern suburbs on 11 January 2017. | WIKI |
| Furthermore, as Istanbul is a large and rapidly expanding city, its urban heat island has been intensifying the effects of climate change. | WIKI |
| [122][123][124] If trends continue, sea level rise is likely to affect city infrastructure, for example Kadxc4xb1koy metro station is threatened with flooding. | WIKI |
| The Genoese fortifications in Galata were largely demolished in the 19th century, leaving only the Galata Tower, to make way for the northward expansion of the city. | WIKI |
| [130] Farther inland, outside the city's inner ring road, are Levent and Maslak, Istanbul's main business districts. | WIKI |
| Originally outside the city, yalxc4xb1 residences along the Bosphorus are now homes in some of Istanbul's elite neighborhoods. | WIKI |
| But in the second half of the 20th century, the Asian side experienced major urban growth; the late development of this part of the city led to better infrastructure and tidier urban planning when compared with most other residential areas in the city. | WIKI |
| [132] Much of the Asian side of the Bosphorus functions as a suburb of the economic and commercial centers in European Istanbul, accounting for a third of the city's population but only a quarter of its employment. | WIKI |
| [132] As a result of Istanbul's exponential growth in the 20th century, a significant portion of the city is composed of gecekondus (literally "built overnight"), referring to illegally constructed squatter buildings. | WIKI |
| [137] The Turkish government also has ambitious plans for an expansion of the city west and northwards on the European side in conjunction with plans for a third airport; the new parts of the city will include four different settlements with specified urban functions, housing 1.5xc2xa0million people. | WIKI |
| Popular during the summer among Istanbulites is Belgrad Forest, spreading across 5,500 hectares (14,000 acres) at the northern edge of the city. | WIKI |
| The forest originally supplied water to the city and remnants of reservoirs used during Byzantine and Ottoman times survive. | WIKI |
| Istanbul is primarily known for its Byzantine and Ottoman architecture, and despite its development as a Turkish city since 1453, contains a vast array of ancient, Roman, Byzantine, Christian, Muslim and Jewish monuments. | WIKI |
| [26] It is the oldest known human settlement on the European side of the city. | WIKI |
| There are numerous ancient monuments in the city. | WIKI |
| There are traces of the Byzantine era throughout the city, from ancient churches that were built over early Christian meeting places like the Hagia Irene, the Chora Church, the Monastery of Stoudios, the Church of Sts. | WIKI |
| It is the Hagia Sophia, however, that fully conveys the period of Constantinople as a city without parallel in Christendom. | WIKI |
| The Sultan Ahmed Mosque (Blue Mosque), another landmark of the city, faces the Hagia Sophia at Sultanahmet Square (Hippodrome of Constantinople). | WIKI |
| The Sxc3xbcleymaniye Mosque, built by Suleiman the Magnificent, was designed by his chief architect Mimar Sinan, the most illustrious of all Ottoman architects, who designed many of the city's renowned mosques and other types of public buildings and monuments. | WIKI |
| Among the oldest surviving examples of Ottoman architecture in Istanbul are the Anadoluhisarxc4xb1 and Rumelihisarxc4xb1 fortresses, which assisted the Ottomans during their siege of the city. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's districts extend far from the city center, along the full length of the Bosphorus (with the Black Sea at the top and the Sea of Marmara at the bottom of the map). | WIKI |
| [160] The city, considered capital of the larger Istanbul Province, is administered by the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), which oversees the 39 districts of the city-province. | WIKI |
| The current city structure can be traced back to the Tanzimat period of reform in the 19th century, before which Islamic judges and imams led the city under the auspices of the Grand Vizier. | WIKI |
| Following the model of French cities, this religious system was replaced by a mayor and a citywide council composed of representatives of the confessional groups (millet) across the city. | WIKI |
| Pera (now Beyoxc4x9flu) was the first area of the city to have its own director and council, with members instead being longtime residents of the neighborhood. | WIKI |
| [161] Laws enacted after the Ottoman constitution of 1876 aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty arrondissements of Paris, but they were not fully implemented until 1908, when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. | WIKI |
| By 500 CE, Constantinople had somewhere between 400,000 and 500,000 people, edging out its predecessor, Rome, for the world's largest city. | WIKI |
| [178] Constantinople jostled with other major historical cities, such as Baghdad, Chang'an, Kaifeng and Merv for the position of the world's largest city until the 12th century. | WIKI |
| It never returned to being the world's largest, but remained the largest city in Europe from 1500 to 1750, when it was surpassed by London. | WIKI |
| [181][182] The city's annual population growth of 1.5 percent ranks as one of the highest among the seventy-eight largest metropolises in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has been a cosmopolitan city throughout much of its history, but it has become more homogenized since the end of the Ottoman era. | WIKI |
| Arabs form the city's on of the largest ethnic minorities, with an estimated population of more than 2 million. | WIKI |
| [194] Although the Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period,[195] the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey. | WIKI |
| [197] Greeks and Armenians form the largest Christian population in the city. | WIKI |
| [198] Following Greek migration to the city for work in the 2010s, the Greek population rose to nearly 3,000 in 2019, still greatly diminished since 1919, when it stood at 350,000. | WIKI |
| There are 234 active churches in the city,[201] including the Church of St. Anthony of Padua on xc4xb0stiklal Avenue, in the district of Beyoxc4x9flu (Pera). | WIKI |
| Sephardic Jews settled in the city after their expulsion from Spain and Portugal in 1492 and 1497. | WIKI |
| [206] In large part due to emigration to Israel, the Jewish population in the city dropped from 100,000 in 1950[207] to 25,000 in 2020. | WIKI |
| This is due to the city's role as Turkey's financial center, its large electorate and the fact that Erdoxc4x9fan himself was elected Mayor of Istanbul in 1994. | WIKI |
| Levent, Maslak, xc5x9eixc5x9fli and Ataxc5x9fehir are the main business districts in the city. | WIKI |
| [213] The city's gross domestic product adjusted by PPP stood at US$537.507 billion in 2018,[214] with manufacturing and services accounting for 36 percent and 60 percent of the economic output respectively. | WIKI |
| [213] Trade is economically important, accounting for 30 percent of the economic output in the city. | WIKI |
| Shipping is a significant part of the city's economy, with 73.9 percent of exports and 92.7 percent of imports in 2018 executed by sea. | WIKI |
| [222] Whereas 2.4xc2xa0million foreigners visited the city in 2000,[citation needed] there were 13.4 million foreign tourists in 2018, making Istanbul the world's fifth most-visited city. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has more than fifty museums, with Topkapxc4xb1 Palace, the most visited museum in the city, bringing in more than $30 million in revenue each year. | WIKI |
| Much of Turkey's cultural scene had its roots in Istanbul, and by the 1980s and 1990s Istanbul reemerged globally as a city whose cultural significance is not solely based on its past glory. | WIKI |
| By the end of the 19th century, Istanbul had established itself as a regional artistic center, with Turkish, European, and Middle Eastern artists flocking to the city. | WIKI |
| Beyoxc4x9flu has been transformed into the artistic center of the city, with young artists and older Turkish artists formerly residing abroad finding footing there. | WIKI |
| Modern art museums, including xc4xb0stanbul Modern, the Pera Museum, Sakxc4xb1p Sabancxc4xb1 Museum and SantralIstanbul, opened in the 2000s to complement the exhibition spaces and auction houses that have already contributed to the cosmopolitan nature of the city. | WIKI |
| Abdi xc4xb0pekxc3xa7i Street in Nixc5x9fantaxc5x9fxc4xb1 and Baxc4x9fdat Avenue on the Anatolian side of the city have evolved into high-end shopping districts. | WIKI |
| Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosphorus (particularly in neighborhoods like Ortakxc3xb6y, Bebek, Arnavutkxc3xb6y, Yenikxc3xb6y, Beylerbeyi and xc3x87engelkxc3xb6y). | WIKI |
| [243] The Princes' Islands, 15 kilometers (9xc2xa0mi) from the city center, are also popular for their seafood restaurants. | WIKI |
| Following the influx of immigrants from southeastern and eastern Turkey, which began in the 1960s, the foodscape of the city has drastically changed by the end of the century; with influences of Middle Eastern cuisine such as kebab taking an important place in the food scene. | WIKI |
| Istanbul has active nightlife and historic taverns, a signature characteristic of the city for centuries if not millennia. | WIKI |
| [251][252][253] Galatasaray and Fenerbahxc3xa7e have a long-standing rivalry, with Galatasaray based in the European part and Fenerbahxc3xa7e based in the Anatolian part of the city. | WIKI |
| Many of Istanbul's sports facilities have been built or upgraded since 2000 to bolster the city's bids for the Summer Olympic Games. | WIKI |
| The TVF Burhan Felek Sport Hall is one of the major volleyball arenas in the city and hosts clubs such as Eczacxc4xb1baxc5x9fxc4xb1 VitrA, Vakxc4xb1fbank SK, and Fenerbahxc3xa7e who have won numerous European and World Championship titles. | WIKI |
| Kxc3xbcxc3xa7xc3xbck xc3x87amlxc4xb1ca TV Radio Tower is the tallest structure in the city. | WIKI |
| Main entrance gate of Istanbul University, the city's oldest Turkish institution, established in 1453. | WIKI |
| The city's largest private universities include Sabancxc4xb1 University, with its main campus in Tuzla, Koxc3xa7 University in Sarxc4xb1yer, xc3x96zyexc4x9fin xc3x9cniversitesi near Altunizade. | WIKI |
| Four public universities with a major presence in the city, Boxc4x9fazixc3xa7i University, Galatasaray University, Istanbul Technical University (the world's third-oldest university dedicated entirely to engineering), Istanbul University provide education in English (all but Galatasaray University) and French. | WIKI |
| Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. | WIKI |
| [289] Following the founding of the Turkish Republic, the plant underwent renovations to accommodate the city's increasing demand; its capacity grew from 23 megawatts in 1923 to a peak of 120 megawatts in 1956. | WIKI |
| The O-1 forms the city's inner ring road, traversing the 15 July Martyrs (First Bosphorus) Bridge, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosphorus) Bridge. | WIKI |
| [311] Operated by Istanbul Electricity, Tramway, and Tunnel General Management (xc4xb0ETT), trams slowly returned to the city in the 1990s with the introduction of a nostalgic route and a faster modern tram line, which now carries 265,000 passengers each day. | WIKI |
| [318] Until then, buses provide transportation within and between the two-halves of the city, accommodating 2.2 million passenger trips each day. | WIKI |
| [323] The city's main cruise ship terminal is the Port of Istanbul in Karakxc3xb6y, with a capacity of 10,000 passengers per hour. | WIKI |
| [324] Most visitors enter Istanbul by air, but about half a million foreign tourists enter the city by sea each year. | WIKI |
| [332] New stations to replace both the Haydarpaxc5x9fa and Sirkeci terminals, and connect the city's disjointed railway networks, are expected to open upon completion of the Marmaray project; until then, Istanbul is without intercity rail service. | WIKI |
| The largest is the new Istanbul Airport, opened in 2018 in the Arnavutkxc3xb6y district to the northwest of the city center, on the European side, near the Black Sea coast. | WIKI |
| [337][338] The transfer from the airport to the city is via the O-7, and it will eventually be linked by two lines of the Istanbul Metro. | WIKI |
| Sabiha Gxc3xb6kxc3xa7en International, 45 kilometers (28xc2xa0mi) southeast of the city center, on the Asian side, was opened in 2001 to relieve Atatxc3xbcrk. | WIKI |
| Istanbul Atatxc3xbcrk Airport, located 24 kilometers (15xc2xa0mi) west of the city center, on the European side, near the Marmara Sea coast, was formerly the city's largest airport. | WIKI |
| As of 2019[update] the city's mean air quality remains of a level so as to affect the heart and lungs of healthy street bystanders during peak traffic hours,[344] and almost 200 days of pollution were measured by the air pollution sensors at Sultangazi, Mecidiyekxc3xb6y, Alibeykxc3xb6y and Kaxc4x9fxc4xb1thane. | WIKI |
| The city is situated on a peninsula which is surrounded by the Golden Horn (Halixc3xa7), a natural harbor on the north, the Bosphorus on the east and the Marmara Sea on the south. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): The city is an outstanding set of monuments, architectural and technical ensembles that illustrate very distinguished phases of human history. | UNESCO |
| The Historic Areas of Istanbul include the key attributes that convey the Outstanding Universal Value of Istanbul as the parts of the city that had escaped major changes and deterioration in the 19th and 20th centuries and were already protected by national legislation at the time of inscription. | UNESCO |
| The setting of the Historic Areas of Istanbul and the outstanding silhouette of the city are vulnerable to development. | UNESCO |
| It will address the traffic and transport plan for the city, the urban regeneration strategy and tourism management, and will provide a proper framework to ensure that construction and infrastructure projects respect the Outstanding Universal Value of the property. | UNESCO |