Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Heard and McDonald Islands' has mentioned 'Species' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| These include the southern elephant seal and macaroni, gentoo, king and eastern rockhopper penguins, considered to be wetland species under the Ramsar Convention. | WIKI |
| Neither group of plants is present today, although potential Tertiary survivors include the vascular plant Pringlea antiscorbutica and six moss species. | WIKI |
| The vascular flora covers a range of environments and, although only six species are currently widespread, glacial retreat and the consequent connection of previously separate ice-free areas is providing opportunities for further distribution of vegetation into adjacent areas. | WIKI |
| The vascular flora comprises the smallest number of species of any major subantarctic island group, reflecting its isolation, small ice-free area and severe climate. | WIKI |
| Twelve vascular species are known from Heard Island, of which five have also been recorded on McDonald Island. | WIKI |
| None of the vascular species are endemic, although Pringlea antiscorbutica, Colobanthus kerguelensis, and Poa kerguelensis occur only on subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean. | WIKI |
| Bryophytes are present in most of the major vegetation communities including several soil and moss-inhabiting species. | WIKI |
| A 1980 survey of McDonald Island found lower diversity than that on Heard Island; four mosses and a number of algal species are recorded from there. | WIKI |
| At least 100 species of terrestrial algae are known from Heard Island, commonly in permanently moist and ephemeral habitats. | WIKI |
| Forests of the giant Antarctic kelp Durvillaea antarctica occur at a number of sites around Heard Island and at least 17 other species of seaweed are known, with more to be added following the identification of recent collections. | WIKI |
| It is characterised by Azorella selago cushions interspersed with bryophytes, small vascular species and bare ground with 20xe2x80x9375% cover, and found mainly at altitudes between 30xe2x80x9370m asl. | WIKI |
| Mossy fellfield is a community with high species richness and consists of bryophytes and small Azorella selago cushions. | WIKI |
| Species richness is highest here of all the communities, with dominant species being Poa cookii, Azorella selago, Pringlea antiscorbutica, Acaena magellanica, and Deschampsia antarctica. | WIKI |
| Other species and vegetation communities found on subantarctic islands north of the Antarctic Convergence now absent from the Heard Island flora may colonise the island if climate change produces more favourable conditions. | WIKI |
| Some plant species are spreading and modifying the structure and composition of communities, some of which are also increasing in distribution. | WIKI |
| Changes in population numbers of seal and seabird species are also expected to affect the vegetation by changing nutrient availability and disturbance through trampling. | WIKI |
| One plant species on Heard Island, Poa annua, a cosmopolitan grass native to Europe, was possibly introduced by humans, though is more likely to have arrived naturally, probably by skuas from the Kerguelen Islands where it is widespread. | WIKI |
| The potential for introducing plant species (including invasive species not previously found on subantarctic islands) by both natural and human-induced means is high. | WIKI |
| This is due to the combination of low species diversity and climatic amelioration. | WIKI |
| During the 2003/04 summer a new plant species, Cotula plumosa, was recorded. | WIKI |
| The species has a circumantarctic distribution and occurs on many subantarctic islands. | WIKI |
| 71 species of lichens have been recorded from Heard Island and they are common on exposed rock, dominating the vegetation in some areas. | WIKI |
| [26] As with plants, a 1980 survey of McDonald Island found lower diversity there, with just eight lichen species and a number of non-lichenized fungi recorded. | WIKI |
| The surrounding waters are important feeding areas for birds and some scavenging species also derive sustenance from their cohabitants on the islands. | WIKI |
| Nineteen species of birds have been recorded as breeding on Heard Island[32] and the McDonald Islands, although recent volcanic activity at the McDonald Islands in the last decade is likely to have reduced vegetated and un-vegetated nesting areas. | WIKI |
| Penguins are by far the most abundant birds on the islands, with four breeding species present, comprising king, gentoo, macaroni and eastern rockhopper penguins. | WIKI |
| Other seabirds recorded as breeding at Heard Island include three species of albatross (wandering, black-browed and light-mantled albatrosses, southern giant petrels, Cape petrels, four species of burrowing petrels Antarctic and Fulmar prions, common and South Georgian diving-petrels), Wilson's storm-petrels, kelp gulls, subantarctic skuas, Antarctic terns and the Heard shag. | WIKI |
| A further 28 seabird species are recorded as either non-breeding visitors or have been noted during 'at-sea surveys' of the islands. | WIKI |
| All recorded breeding species, other than the Heard Island sheathbill, are listed marine species under the Australian Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Act (1999, four are listed as threatened species and five are listed migratory species. | WIKI |
| Under the EPBC Act a recovery plan has been made for albatrosses and giant petrels, which calls for ongoing population monitoring of the species found at HIMI, and at the time of preparing this plan a draft recovery plan has also been made for the Heard Island cormorant (or shag) and Antarctic tern. | WIKI |
| The recorded populations of some seabird species found in the Reserve have shown marked change. | WIKI |
| The king penguin population is the best studied seabird species on Heard Island and has shown a dramatic increase since first recorded in 1947/48, with the population doubling every five years or so for more than 50 years. | WIKI |
| Heard Island supports a relatively low number of terrestrial invertebrate species compared to other Southern Ocean islands, in parallel with the low species richness in the floraxe2x80x93that is, the island's isolation and limited ice-free area. | WIKI |
| Endemism is also generally low and the invertebrate fauna is exceptionally pristine with few, if any, (successful) human-induced introductions of alien species. | WIKI |
| Two species, including the thrips Apterothrips apteris and the mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae are thought to be recent, possibly natural, introductions. | WIKI |
| The arthropods of Heard Island are comparatively well known with 54 species of mite and tick, one spider and eight springtails recorded. | WIKI |
| Beetles and flies dominate Heard Island's known insect fauna, which comprises up to 21 species of ectoparasite (associated with birds and seals) and up to 13 free-living species. | WIKI |
| Distinct differences in relative abundances of species between habitats has also been shown, including a negative relationship between altitude and body size for Heard Island weevils. | WIKI |
| Many species reported from Heard Island are found elsewhere. | WIKI |
| Some sampling of freshwater fauna has been undertaken during recent expeditions and records to date indicate that the freshwater fauna includes a species of Protista, a gastrotrich, two species of tardigrade, at least four species of nematode, 26 species of rotifer, six species of annelid and 14 species of arthropod. | WIKI |
| Despite Heard Island's isolation, species richness is considered to be moderate, rather than depauperate, although the number of endemic species reported is low. | WIKI |
| Other common but less abundant species in this habitat include the chiton Hemiarthrum setulosum and the starfish Anasterias mawsoni. | WIKI |
| As the only sub-Antarctic islands virtually free of introduced species and with negligible modification by humans, they are a classic example of a sub-Antarctic island group with large populations of marine birds and mammals numbering in the millions, but low species diversity. | UNESCO |
| These intact ecosystems provide opportunities for ecological research investigating population dynamics and interactions of plant and animal species, as well as monitoring the health and stability of the larger southern oceans ecosystem. | UNESCO |
| The main management requirements are the maintenance of strict visitation and quarantine controls to maintain natural conditions and ecological integrity, and to prevent the introduction of pathogens and non-native species. | UNESCO |
| The management goal must be to prevent the introduction of alien species by minimising the risk of introductions occurring. | UNESCO |