Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Group of Monuments at Pattadakal' has mentioned 'Temple' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| [8][9] The Virupaksha temple is an active house of Hindu worship. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Location 2 History 3 Description 3.1 Site layout 3.2 Style 3.3 Kadasiddheshwara temple 3.4 Jambulingeshwara temple 3.5 Galaganatha Temple 3.6 Chandrashekhara Temple 3.7 Sangameshwara Temple 3.8 Kashi Vishwanatha Temple 3.9 Mallikarjuna Temple 3.10 Virupaksha Temple 3.11 Papanatha temple 3.12 Jain Narayana Temple 3.13 Other monuments and inscriptions 4 Significance 4.1 Early medieval era music and arts 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links | WIKI |
| [22] According to T. Richard Blurton, the history of temple arts in northern India is unclear as the region was repeatedly sacked by invaders from Central Asia, particularly during the Muslim incursions from the 11th-century onward. | WIKI |
| Four temples were built in the Chalukya Dravida style, four in the Nagara style of Northern India, while the Papanatha temple is a fusion of the two. | WIKI |
| The largest of these temples in Pattadakal is the Virupaksha Temple, which was built between 740 and 745 CE. | WIKI |
| The last temple built in the Group of Monuments is the Jain temple, known locally as the Jain Narayana temple, which was likely built in the 9th century during the reign of Krishna II of Rashtrakutas. | WIKI |
| [1] Its style is patterned on the lines of the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram. | WIKI |
| Kadasiddheshwara temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Ardhanarishvara (left half Shiva, right half Parvati) at the Kadasiddheswara temple. | WIKI |
| A relatively small temple, the Archaeological Survey of India has dated it to around the mid 7th century CE,[25] but George Michell dates it to the early 8th century. | WIKI |
| [26] The temple faces east and is built around a square garbha griha (sacrum sanctum). | WIKI |
| Much of the temple has been eroded or was damaged in the following centuries. | WIKI |
| Jambulingeshwara temple[edit] | WIKI |
| The Nataraja sukanasa on Jambulingeshwara temple spire. | WIKI |
| Another small temple, the Jambulingeshwara temple, also called the Jambulinga temple, is variously estimated by ASI and Michell to have been complete between mid 7th and early 8th century, respectively. | WIKI |
| [27][26] The temple is built around a square garbha griha (sacrum sanctum),[25] whose outer walls feature intricate devakoshtha (linteled niches with decorated frames with Hamsa and mythical makaras). | WIKI |
| [27] The temple also experiments with the idea of projecting sukanasa from the shikhara in front, over the mandapa. | WIKI |
| The temple still faces east, greeting the sunrise. | WIKI |
| The style of the temple is northern rekha-nagara with a curvilinear profile of squares diminishing as they rise towards the sky. | WIKI |
| Galaganatha Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Left: Galaganatha Temple's sabha mandapa floor and covered pradakshina patha; Right: Shiva carving. | WIKI |
| The Galaganatha temple lies to the east of the Jambulingeshwara temple. | WIKI |
| Unlike the previous two temples, ASI estimates this temple to be from the mid 8th century,[27] whereas Michell states that it is likely from late 7th century. | WIKI |
| [28] The temple is a northern rekha-nagara style with a linga, and a vestibule (antarala) within the temple sanctum (garbha griha). | WIKI |
| Outside the temple is a seated Nandi that faces the sanctum. | WIKI |
| Various mandapas exist in this temple, such as a social or community hall (sabha mantapa), used for ceremonial functions, and a mukha mantapa, of which only the foundation remains. | WIKI |
| The Galagatha temple is mostly in ruins, except for the southern part which contains a carved slab showing an eight-armed Shiva killing the demon Andhaka, while wearing a garland of skulls as a yajnopavita (sacred thread across the chest). | WIKI |
| According to Michell, the Galaganatha temple is notable for being almost an exact copy of the Svarga Brahma temple of Alampur in Andhra Pradesh, a temple that is dated to 689 CE. | WIKI |
| Chandrashekhara Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Chandrashekhara temple. | WIKI |
| Chandrashekhara temple is a small east facing temple without a tower. | WIKI |
| It is situated on the south side of the Galaganatha temple. | WIKI |
| [29] This temple has been dated by Michell to the late 9th or early 10th century,[29] whereas the ASI dates it to the mid 8th century. | WIKI |
| The temple has a garbha griha with a Shiva linga and a closed hall; a Nandi sits on a platform to the east facing the linga. | WIKI |
| [30] Detailed Pilasters, yet lacking in ornamentation, decorate the exterior walls of the temple. | WIKI |
| [29] There is a devakostha (niche) in the walls on either side of the Chandrashekhara temple sanctum. | WIKI |
| The temple lacks a lintel, but features a dvarapala (guardian) on each side of the entrance; the door frames are carved with shakhas. | WIKI |
| Sangameshwara Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Left: Sangameshwara Temple's pillared entrance; Right: A side showing experimentation with window styles and wall carvings. | WIKI |
| Sangameshwara temple, also called the Vijayeshvara temple, is a large, Dravida style east facing temple located on the south side of the Chandrashekhara temple. | WIKI |
| [29] Inscriptions at the temple, and other evidence, date it to between 720 CE and 733 CE. | WIKI |
| The death of its patron king, Vijayaditya, in 734 CE resulted in the temple being left unfinished, although work continued intermittently in later centuries. | WIKI |
| [31][32] During the Badami Chalukya reign, between 543-757 CE, other important Sangameshwara temples were built, such as the one at KuDavelli; in modern times, this temple was relocated to Alampur, after extensive restoration work. | WIKI |
| [33] The inscriptions found in this and other temples mention sponsor names from different centuries, including those of Hindu queens, suggesting they actively supported the temple architecture and arts. | WIKI |
| Incomplete Vishnu avatar Varaha relief on Sangameswara Shaiva temple wall. | WIKI |
| Although the temple is not the largest among those at Pattadakal it is nonetheless of imposing proportions. | WIKI |
| [31] The temple has a square layout,[36] with an east facing sanctum. | WIKI |
| Past the vestibule is a mandapa within which are sixteen massive pillars set in groups of four, which may have been added after construction of the temple was completed. | WIKI |
| The vimana superstructure above the temple and the outer walls of the temple are well preserved. | WIKI |
| The temple walls contain many devakostha (niches) carved with images of Vishnu and Shiva, some of which are in various stages of completion. | WIKI |
| [32] The temple is built on a raised moulded base, with decorative friezes of elephants, yali and makara mythical creatures. | WIKI |
| [31] Above the kapota (eaves) are detailed friezes of ganas (playful dwarfs), who are portrayed as if they are struggling to hold the weight of the temple structure. | WIKI |
| Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism themes are presented in the carvings at the temple. | WIKI |
| Excavations into the foundations of its ruined hall, in 1969 and 1971, revealed the archaeologically significant discovery of a brick temple structure beneath the hall. | WIKI |
| This discovery led to the proposal that Sangameshwara had been built over an older temple, possibly dating to the 3rd century CE. | WIKI |
| Kashi Vishwanatha Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Kashi Vishwanatha temple with Nandi facing the sanctum. | WIKI |
| Also known as Kashivishweswara, the Kashi Vishwanatha temple is another of the smaller temples at Pattadakal. | WIKI |
| The temple has been variously dated to the late 7th century, early 8th century or the mid-8th century. | WIKI |
| Much like the other temples, the core of the Kashi Vishwanatha temple is the square garbha griha (sanctum), which houses a linga. | WIKI |
| The temple also features a pranala, a stone structure used to drain out water used during devotional activities, and an antarala, or foyer, connecting to a mantapa with a ruined entrance porch. | WIKI |
| [40][38] The temple sits on a raised platform, with five layers of mouldings, decorated with 8th-century carvings of horses, elephants, lions, peacocks, and flowery vine designs. | WIKI |
| Sculptures of Ardhanariswara (half-Shiva, half-Parvati) and Lakulisha are carved into the northern wall of the temple mantapa, but these have been damaged and defaced. | WIKI |
| [40] The sukanasa, mounted on a spire in front of the temple, is of a dancing Uma-Maheshwara (Parvati-Shiva) set inside a chaitya-arch. | WIKI |
| Inside the temple are pillars and pilasters intricately carved with friezes depicting the Bhagavata Purana (Vaishnavism), the Shiva Purana (Shaivism) and the Ramayana. | WIKI |
| Mallikarjuna Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Mallikarjuna temple, also called the Trailokeshwara Maha Saila Prasada in a local inscription, is a mid 8th-century Shiva temple sponsored by queen Trailokyamahadevi. | WIKI |
| [41] It is located south of the Kashi Vishwanatha temple, southwest of the Sangameshwara temple and in close proximity to Virupaksha. | WIKI |
| [42] The temple was built about the same time as the Virupaksha temple, with a similar design and layout, but is somewhat smaller and has a few important differences. | WIKI |
| Left: Mallikarjuna Temple walled entrance; Right: A wall carving. | WIKI |
| The temple reflects a fully developed South Indian vimana style architecture. | WIKI |
| A Nandi-mantapa is included in the temple wherein Nandi faces the sanctum. | WIKI |
| Lovers inside Mallikarjuna temple. | WIKI |
| The temple, though similar to the Virupaksha temple, experiments with new architectural ideas that makes it distinct. | WIKI |
| [44] The depiction of a dancing Shiva, as Nataraja, in the Mallikarjuna temple is set in the shallow arch of the sukanasa. | WIKI |
| As another example, the topmost storey of the shikara superstructure of this temple lacks hara elements (threads), while its roof is hemispherical unlike the square roof of the Virupaksha temple. | WIKI |
| The use of stone carvings for storytelling is prevalent throughout the temple. | WIKI |
| The legends of Hindu epics and the Puranas are depicted on the temple pillars in the community hall. | WIKI |
| [43][45] Like other Hindu temples, the friezes of the Mallikarjuna temple show kama and mithuna scenes of amorous couples. | WIKI |
| Virupaksha Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Left: Virupaksha Temple from southwest corner; Right: A Nandi shrine (active temple). | WIKI |
| The Virupaksha temple, located to the immediate south of the Mallikarjuna temple, is the largest and most sophisticated of the monuments at Pattadakal. | WIKI |
| [10][46][47] The temple is notable for its range, and quality, of construction exemplifying a well developed Dravidian architectural style, as well as the inscribed names of the artists beneath the panels they worked on. | WIKI |
| As is common with other temples at Pattadakal, the Virupaksha temple was built facing east centred around a square garbha griya (sanctum), with a Shiva Linga, surrounded by a covered circumabulatory path (pradakshina patha). | WIKI |
| [50] The temple site forms a rectangle consisting of fused squares bounded by walls, which are decorated with carvings. | WIKI |
| A relief at Virupaksha temple | WIKI |
| A kalasha-like pot, found in festivals, social ceremonies and personal rituals such as weddings, crowns the temple. | WIKI |
| The top of this pot is 17.5 metres (57xc2xa0ft) above the temple pavement, the highest for any pre-9th century South Indian temple. | WIKI |
| [10][53][54] According to George Michell, the carvings on the walls and porch of the Virupaksha temple exterior are "vehicles for diverse sculptural compositions, by far the most numerous found on any Early Chalukya monument". | WIKI |
| The temple has numerous friezes spanning a variety of topics such as, for example, two men wrestling, rishi with Vishnu, rishi with Shiva, Vishnu rescuing Gajendra elephant trapped by a crocodile in a lotus pond, scenes of hermitages, and sadhus seated in meditative yoga posture. | WIKI |
| The temple contains historically significant inscriptions that provide hints about the society and culture of 8th-century India. | WIKI |
| For example, one inscription mentions a grant to the "musicians of the temple" by the queen. | WIKI |
| The famous Kailasha temple at Ellora Caves was modeled after this temple, although the Virupaksha temple was itself modeled after the Kailasanatha temple at Kanchipuram. | WIKI |
| Papanatha temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Papanatha temple | WIKI |
| The Papanatha temple is situated apart from the main cluster of eight monuments. | WIKI |
| [62][63] The temple is noted for its novel mixture of Dravida, and Nagara, Hindu temple styles . | WIKI |
| The unusual layout of the temple is possibly due to its construction, which occurred in three stages, but there is a lack of epigraphical evidence to support this hypothesis. | WIKI |
| The temple is longer, incorporating two interconnected mantapas, one with 16 pillars and another with 4 pillars. | WIKI |
| Like the other temples, the Papanatha temple faces east towards the sunrise and has a Shiva linga in its garbha griya (sanctum) except there is no Nandi-mandapa. | WIKI |
| [62][63] The temple walls are notable for the carved deities and themes of Shaivism and Vaishnavism; Durga is depicted in one of the niches. | WIKI |
| Jain Narayana Temple[edit] | WIKI |
| Jain Narayana temple | WIKI |
| The Jaina temple at Pattadakal was built during the 9th century, possibly with sponsorship from the Rashtrakuta King Krishna II or the Kalyani Chalukyas. | WIKI |
| Unlike the other nine temples, the Narayana temple lacks Hindu deities and intricate panels of the other nine, but instead has a statue of a Jina carved into the north side kapota eave. | WIKI |
| Like the Hindu temples, this temple also features a square sanctum, a circumambulatory path, an antechamber, a mantapa and a porch. | WIKI |
| The Archaeological Survey of India has conducted excavations at the site yielding evidence of an older temple and Jaina presence. | WIKI |
| According to the ASI, the excavations uncovered "the remains of a large temple complex built in bricks and also a beautiful sculpture of Tirthankara standing in sama-bhanga indicating the existence of a temple, probably belonging to before or beginning of the early Chalukyan rule". | WIKI |
| Old Kannada inscription of Chalukya emperor Vikramaditya II on victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, Pattadakal, c.733xe2x80x93745.Old Kannada inscription describes the grant made for Sangameshwara temple by Chalukya King Vijayaditya c.1162 | WIKI |
| These inscriptions are an important source of information regarding the grants made by King Vikramaditya, and Vijayaditya, various queens, and others, for the construction and operation of the temple. | WIKI |
| Other notable monuments at Pattadakal include a monolithic stone pillar bearing numerous inscriptions, the Naganatha temple, the Mahakuteshwara temple, which also bears numerous inscriptions, as well as several small shrines dedicated to Shiva. | WIKI |