Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Everglades National Park' has mentioned 'Park' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| One-and-a-half million acres in Florida (US) managed by the National Park Service | WIKI |
| Everglades National ParkIUCN category II (national park)Sunset over the Everglades river of grassLocation in FloridaShow map of FloridaLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesLocationMiami-Dade, Monroe, & Collier counties, Florida, United StatesNearestxc2xa0cityFlorida CityEverglades CityCoordinates25xc2xb018xe2x80xb245xe2x80xb3N 80xc2xb041xe2x80xb215xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf25.3125000xc2xb0N 80.6875000xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 25.3125000; -80.6875000Coordinates: 25xc2xb018xe2x80xb245xe2x80xb3N 80xc2xb041xe2x80xb215xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf25.3125000xc2xb0N 80.6875000xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 25.3125000; -80.6875000[1]Area1,508,976 acres (6,106.61xc2xa0km2)1,508,243 acres (6,103.6xc2xa0km2) federal[2]AuthorizedMayxc2xa030,xc2xa01934xc2xa0(1934-05-30)Visitors597,124 (inxc2xa02018)[3]Governingxc2xa0bodyNational Park ServiceWebsiteEverglades National Park UNESCO World Heritage SiteTypeNaturalCriteriaviii, ix, xDesignated1979 (3rd session)Referencexc2xa0no.76State PartyUnited StatesRegionEurope and North AmericaEndangered1993xe2x80x932007;2010xe2x80x93present Ramsar WetlandDesignated4 June 1987Referencexc2xa0no.374[4] | WIKI |
| The park is the largest tropical wilderness in the United States and the largest wilderness of any kind east of the Mississippi River. | WIKI |
| An average of one million people visit the park each year. | WIKI |
| UNESCO declared the Everglades & Dry Tortugas Biosphere Reserve in 1976 and listed the park as a World Heritage Site in 1979, and the Ramsar Convention included the park on its list of Wetlands of International Importance in 1987. | WIKI |
| [7] The park is the most significant breeding ground for tropical wading birds in North America and contains the largest mangrove ecosystem in the Western Hemisphere. | WIKI |
| [8] Thirty-six threatened or protected species inhabit the park, including the Florida panther, the American crocodile, and the West Indian manatee, along with 350xc2xa0species of birds, 300xc2xa0species of fresh and saltwater fish, 40xc2xa0species of mammals, and 50xc2xa0species of reptiles. | WIKI |
| [9] The majority of South Florida's fresh water, which is stored in the Biscayne Aquifer, is recharged in the park. | WIKI |
| The park was established in 1934, to protect the quickly vanishing Everglades, and dedicated in 1947, as major canal-building projects were initiated across South Florida. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 Climate 4 Hydrography 5 Ecosystems 5.1 Freshwater sloughs and marl prairies 5.2 Tropical hardwood hammocks 5.3 Pineland 5.4 Cypress and mangrove 5.5 Coastal lowlands 5.6 Marine and estuarine 6 Human history 6.1 Native peoples 6.2 American settlements 6.3 Land development and conservation 7 Park history 7.1 Restoration efforts 7.2 Park economics 7.3 Leadership and administration 8 Activities 8.1 Trails 8.2 Camping and recreation 8.3 Dark skies site 9 Threats to the park and ecology 9.1 Diversion and quality of water 9.2 Urban encroachment 9.3 Endangered and threatened animals 9.4 Drought, fire, and rising sea levels 9.5 Non-native species 10 See also 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links | WIKI |
| Park map | WIKI |
| The limestone that underlies the Everglades is integral to the diverse ecosystems within the park. | WIKI |
| Water also flows into the park after falling as rain to the north onto the watersheds of the Kissimmee River and other sources of Lake Okeechobee, to appear in the Everglades days later. | WIKI |
| As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection. | WIKI |
| [20] When the park was established in 1947, it became the first area within the U.S. to protect flora and fauna native to a region as opposed to geologic scenery. | WIKI |
| [21] The National Park Service recognizes nine distinct interdependent ecosystems within the park that constantly shift in size owing to the amount of water present and other environmental factors. | WIKI |
| [22] Shark River Slough and Taylor Slough are significant features of the park. | WIKI |
| Hammocks are often the only dry land within the park. | WIKI |
| The park features thousands of these tree islands amid sloughsxe2x80x94which often form the shape of a teardrop when seen from above (see park map) because of the slowly moving water around themxe2x80x94but they can also be found in pineland and mangroves. | WIKI |
| Pine rocklands are considered one of the most threatened habitats in Florida; less than 4,000 acres (6.3xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 16.2xc2xa0km2) of pineland exist outside the park. | WIKI |
| [33] Within the park, 20,000 acres (31.3xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 80.9xc2xa0km2) of pineland are protected. | WIKI |
| The largest body of water within the park is Florida Bay, which extends from the mangrove swamps of the mainland's southern tip to the Florida Keys. | WIKI |
| Pelicans, shorebirds, terns, and black skimmers (Rynchops niger) are among the birds frequenting park shorelines. | WIKI |
| [53] Shell mounds still exist today within the park, giving archaeologists and anthropologists evidence of the raw materials available to the indigenous people for tool construction. | WIKI |
| Spanish explorers estimated the number of Tequesta at first contact to be around 800, and Calusa at 2,000; the National Park Service reports there were probably about 20,000 natives living in or near the Everglades when the Spanish established contact in the late 16th century. | WIKI |
| The only evidence of their existence within the park boundaries is a series of shell mounds that were built by the Calusa. | WIKI |
| Some members of the Miccosukee and Seminole tribes continue to live within park boundaries. | WIKI |
| Management of the park includes approval of new policies and procedures by tribal representatives "in such a manner that they do not conflict with the park purpose". | WIKI |
| Following the end of the Seminole Wars, Americans began settling at isolated points along the coast in what is now the park, from the Ten Thousand Islands to Cape Sable. | WIKI |
| [61][62] After the park was established, private property in the Flamingo area was claimed by eminent domain, and the site was incorporated into the park as a visitor center. | WIKI |
| Park history[edit] | WIKI |
| Royal Palm State Park was created in 1916; it included several trails and a visitor center several miles from Homestead. | WIKI |
| [76] Coe's original plan for the park included more than 2,000,000 acres (3,125.0xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 8,093.7xc2xa0km2) including Key Largo and Big Cypress, and his unwillingness to compromise almost prevented the park's creation. | WIKI |
| Various other interests, including land developers and sport hunters, demanded that the size of the park be decreased. | WIKI |
| Senator Spessard Holland's politicking helped to fully establish the park, after Holland was able to negotiate 1,300,000 acres (2,031.2xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 5,260.9xc2xa0km2) of the park, leaving out Big Cypress, Key Largo, the Turner River area, and a 22,000-acre (34.4xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 89.0xc2xa0km2) tract of land called "The Hole in the Donut" that was too highly valued for agriculture. | WIKI |
| Miami Herald editor John Pennekamp was instrumental in pushing the Florida Legislature to raise $2xc2xa0million to purchase the private land inside the park boundaries. | WIKI |
| The park protects the last stands of pine rockland in Florida. | WIKI |
| By the 1960s, the park was visibly suffering. | WIKI |
| The C&SF was directed to provide enough water to sustain the park; it did not follow through. | WIKI |
| Regions originally included in Ernest Coe's vision for a national park were slowly added over the years to the park or incorporated into other protected areas: Biscayne National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park on Key Largo, Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge, and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary were all protected after the park's opening in 1947. | WIKI |
| On November 10, 1978, most of the park was declared a wilderness area. | WIKI |
| Wilderness designations covered 1,296,500 acres (2,025.8xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 5,246.7xc2xa0km2) in 2015xe2x80x94about 86xc2xa0percent of the park. | WIKI |
| [84] The park was added again due to the continued degradation of the set causing significant indications of eutrophication (for example algal blooms) negatively impacting the marine life causing the US government to request UNESCO and IUCN for assistance in development. | WIKI |
| President George H. W. Bush signed the Everglades National Park Protection and Expansion Act on December 13, 1989, that added 109,506 acres (171.1xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi; 443.2xc2xa0km2) to the eastern side of the park, closed the park to airboats, directed the Department of the Army to restore water to improve the ecosystems within Everglades National Park, and "Direct(ed) the Secretary of the Interior to manage the Park in order to maintain the natural abundance, diversity, and ecological integrity of native plants and animals, as well as the behavior of native animals, as part of their ecosystem. | WIKI |
| Such storms are a natural part of the park's ecosystem; 1960's Hurricane Donna left nothing in the mangroves but "standing dead snags" several miles wide, but 30xc2xa0years later the area had completely recovered. | WIKI |
| [22] Predictably, what suffered the most in the park from the 2005 hurricanes were man-made structures. | WIKI |
| Park economics[edit] | WIKI |
| Of that, $14.8xc2xa0million was granted from the National Park Service and $13.5xc2xa0million from various sources including CERP, donations, and other grants. | WIKI |
| [94] Visitors spent $2.6 million[93] within the park and $48xc2xa0million in local economies. | WIKI |
| [95] More than 900xc2xa0jobs were sustained or created within or by the park, and the park added value of $35xc2xa0million to local economies. | WIKI |
| The park's first superintendent, Daniel Beard (1947-1958), was also its longest-serving. | WIKI |
| The park was placed into Administrative Region I in 1937, when the regions were first established. | WIKI |
| The park features four visitor centers: on the Tamiami Trail (part of U.S. Route 41) directly west of Miami is the Shark Valley Visitor Center. | WIKI |
| [102] The western coast of the park and the Ten Thousand Islands and the various key islands in Florida Bay are accessible only by boat. | WIKI |
| Several walking trails in the park vary in hiking difficulty on Pine Island, where visitors can cross hardwood hammocks, pinelands, and freshwater sloughs. | WIKI |
| Its proximity to Homestead and its accessibility make it one of the most visited sites in the park. | WIKI |
| Low-powered motorboats are allowed in the park; the majority of salt water areas are no-wake zones to protect manatees and other marine animals from harm. | WIKI |
| Fresh water licenses are not sold in the park, but a salt water license may be available. | WIKI |
| Swimming is not recommended within the park boundaries; water moccasins, snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), alligators, and crocodiles thrive in fresh water. | WIKI |
| Threats to the park and ecology[edit] | WIKI |
| [113] Following three years of increasing numbers, The Miami Herald reported in 2009 that populations of wading birds within the park decreased by 29xc2xa0percent. | WIKI |
| Nitrates in the underground water system and high levels of mercury also impact the quality of fresh water the park receives. | WIKI |
| [116] The brochure given to visitors at Everglades National Park includes a statement that reads, "Freshwater flowing into the park is engineered. | WIKI |
| With the help of pumps, floodgates, and retention ponds along the park's boundary, the Everglades is presently on life support, alive but diminished. | WIKI |
| A series of levees on the park's eastern border marks the line between urban and protected areas, but development into these areas threatens the park system. | WIKI |
| Florida still attracts nearly a thousand new residents every day,[117] and building residential, commercial and industrial zones near Everglades National Park stresses the water balance and ecosystems within the park. | WIKI |
| On the park's western border, Fort Myers, Naples, and Cape Coral are expanding, but no system of levees exists to mark that border. | WIKI |
| Their scoring system rated 55xc2xa0parks by their sustainable tourism, destination quality, and park management. | WIKI |
| Thirty-six federally protected animals live in the park, some of which face grave threats to their survival. | WIKI |
| [125] In 1981 6,656 Cape Sable seaside sparrows were reported in park boundaries, but surveys over 10 years documented a decline to an estimated 2,624 birds by 2002. | WIKI |
| [126] Attempts to return natural levels of water to the park have been controversial; Cape Sable seaside sparrows nest about a foot off the ground, and rising water levels may harm future populations, as well as threaten the locally endangered snail kite. | WIKI |
| Rising sea levels caused by global warming are another threat to the future of the park. | WIKI |
| Through Trump Administration, The Florida Department of Transportation, and Everglades National Park, there are plans to execute and complete the Next Steps project to help fix these various water issues, along with other parts of the park. | WIKI |
| The introduction of non-native species into South Florida is a considerable problem for the park. | WIKI |
| Thousands of exotic plant species have been observed in South Florida, usually introduced as ornamental landscaping, but park staff must eradicate such invasive plants as melaleuca tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia), Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius), and Old World climbing fern (Lygodium microphyllum). | WIKI |
| Everglades National Park, at 610,670 hectares, of which 567,000 hectares were inscribed as a World Heritage site (the park has since been expanded), is at the center of a complex of federal and state (Florida) protected areas, including the Big Cypress National Preserve (295,000 hectares), Biscayne National Park (70,000 hectares), Dry Tortugas National Park (24,300 hectares), 10 National Wildlife Refuges, and the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. | UNESCO |
| Just to the north (upstream) of the park the wetlands are protected within Florida state-managed Water Conservation Areas (350,000 hectares). | UNESCO |
| To the east of the park Miami-Dade County has established an urban development boundary, preserving a buffer area of rural and agricultural lands from rapid urbanization. | UNESCO |
| Within Everglades National Park strict natural, managed natural and developed zones have been identified, and 86% of the park is in federally legislated wilderness. | UNESCO |
| In keeping with the tenor of the 1934 authorizing legislation, the development of visitor facilities has progressed according to a concept of preserving the parkxe2x80x99s essential wilderness qualities and keeping developmental encroachments to a minimum. | UNESCO |
| About 0.1% of the park can be considered developed. | UNESCO |
| While the park contains just 20 percent of the original Everglades ecosystem, it is a good representation of the range of original habitats. | UNESCO |
| Water management manipulations have been recognized as the largest environmental threat to the park and the larger Everglades ecosystem. | UNESCO |
| The water flow volumes into the northern boundary of the park are believed to have decreased by approximately 60 percent compared to estimates of pre-drainage flows. | UNESCO |
| The parkxe2x80x99s legal boundaries encompass the southern end of a 4,660,000 hectares watershed that covers the southern third of the State of Florida. | UNESCO |
| In the northern wetlands of the park, reduced inflows have caused a loss of deep-water slough communities that are required to support healthy populations of fish and aquatic invertebrates, and wading bird populations are estimated at just 10% of pre-drainage levels. | UNESCO |
| The park is also facing a challenge from the introduction of numerous non-native species, including in particular the Burmese python, which has proliferated in the park. | UNESCO |
| Loss of organic soils across park habitats, due to wildfires and oxidation associated with overdrainage, occurred during and after the major elements of the water management system were constructed between 1900 and 1970. | UNESCO |
| In addition, the park has specific enabling legislation which provides broad congressional direction regarding the primary purposes of the park. | UNESCO |
| Numerous other federal laws bring additional layers of protection to the park and its resources. | UNESCO |
| Day to day management is directed by the Park Superintendent. | UNESCO |
| Management goals and objectives for the property are guided through the General Management Plan and the parkxe2x80x99s Foundation Document, which provides additional guidance for planning and management. | UNESCO |
| Management actions primarily involve the implementation of flow restoration and water quality improvement projects to be constructed in the upstream basins, and focus on re-establishment of flow in the central part of the ecosystem, including the park. | UNESCO |