Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Erbil Citadel' has mentioned 'Citadel' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Citadel and archaeological settlement hill in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan | WIKI |
| The Erbil Citadel, locally called Qelat (Kurdish: xd9x82xdbx95xdaxb5xd8xa7xdbx8c xdaxbexdbx95xd9x88xd9x84xdbx8exd8xb1xe2x80x8e Qelay Hewlxc3xaar) is a tell or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. | WIKI |
| [1] The citadel has been inscribed on the World Heritage List since 21 June 2014. | WIKI |
| The earliest evidence for occupation of the citadel mound dates to the 5th millennium BC, and possibly earlier. | WIKI |
| After the Mongols captured the citadel in 1258, the importance of Erbil declined. | WIKI |
| In 2007, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) was established to oversee the restoration of the citadel. | WIKI |
| In the same year, all inhabitants, except one family, were evicted from the citadel as part of a large restoration project. | WIKI |
| The government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated. | WIKI |
| When it was fully occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or mahallas: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 History 1.1 Prehistory 1.2 Earliest historical records 1.3 From the Neo-Assyrian period to the Sassanids 1.4 Muslim conquest until the Ottomans 1.5 Modern period 1.6 The Citadel and the Bazaar 2 Architecture and layout 3 Research and restoration 3.1 UNESCO World Heritage status 3.2 Gallery 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links | WIKI |
| The site of the citadel may have been occupied as early as the Neolithic period, as pottery fragments possibly dating to that period have been found on the slopes of the mound. | WIKI |
| [2] Given this evidence for early occupation, the citadel has been called the oldest continuously occupied site in the world. | WIKI |
| In 1190 when Zain ad-Din Yusuf Died His older brother Muzaffar al-Din Gxc3xb6kbxc3xb6ri who was previously governor of Edessa became the new governor of Erbil, who created a lower town around the city on the citadel mound and founded hospitals and madrasahs. | WIKI |
| They plundered the lower town but had to retreat before an approaching caliphal army and had to put off the capture of the citadel. | WIKI |
| [13] After the fall of Baghdad to Hxc3xbclegxc3xbc and the Mongols in 1258, they returned to Erbil and were able to capture the citadel after a siege lasting six months. | WIKI |
| During the reign of the Ilkhan xc3x96ljeitxc3xbc some of the Christian inhabitants retreated to the citadel to escape persecution. | WIKI |
| Despite Mar Yahballaha's best efforts to avert the impending doom, the citadel was at last taken by Ilkhanate troops on 1 July 1310, and all the defenders were massacred, including all the Christian inhabitants of the lower town. | WIKI |
| During the 20th century, the citadel witnessed significant urban and social changes. | WIKI |
| A 15-metre (49xc2xa0ft) high steel water tank was erected on the citadel in 1924, providing the inhabitants with purified water, but also causing water damage to the foundations of the buildings due to increased water seepage. | WIKI |
| The number of inhabitants gradually declined over the 20th century as the city at the foot of the citadel grew and wealthier inhabitants moved to larger, modern houses with gardens. | WIKI |
| [18] Some reconstruction works were carried in 1979 on the citadel's southern gate and the hammam. | WIKI |
| In 2007, the remaining 840 families were evicted from the citadel as part of a large project to restore and preserve the historic character of the citadel. | WIKI |
| One family was allowed to continue living on the citadel to ensure that there would be no break in the possible 8,000 years of continuous habitation of the site, and the government plans to have 50 families live in the citadel once it is renovated. | WIKI |
| [19] In 2004, the Kurdish Textile Museum opened its doors in a renovated mansion in the southeast quarter of the citadel. | WIKI |
| The Citadel and the Bazaar[edit] | WIKI |
| The city of Erbil is defined by the central circular mound that is the citadel, 102,000 square metres of land raised 26 metres above the surrounding city, presumed to have been started in antiquity as a tell. | WIKI |
| The citadel dwellings still stand, although they are now vacated as part of the UNESCO development project to renovate the buildings. | WIKI |
| A great many of the inhabitants were sad to leave when the authorities relocated them in 1997 - largely to Qalai New (the 'New Citadel') - but it has afforded the opportunity to start work on rebuilding the crumbling structures, restoring wherever possible the intricate plasterwork and distinctively carved lintels. | WIKI |
| The area around the southern base of the citadel has received the attention of modern town planners, with the large open-air Lana market where once market stalls sold leather crafts now and replaced by a large modern shopping mall. | WIKI |
| Houses on top of the citadel with the main northxe2x80x93south thoroughfare in the centre | WIKI |
| The citadel is situated on a large tell xe2x80x93 or settlement mound xe2x80x93 of roughly oval shape that is between 25 and 32 metres (82 and 105xc2xa0ft) high. | WIKI |
| [22] The angle of the citadel mound's slopes is c. | WIKI |
| During the early 20th century, there were three mosques, two schools, two takyas and a hammam on the citadel. | WIKI |
| [23] The citadel also housed a synagogue until 1957. | WIKI |
| When it was still occupied, the citadel was divided in three districts or mahallas: from east to west the Serai, the Takya and the Topkhana. | WIKI |
| A 1920 inventory showed that at that time the citadel was divided into 506 house plots. | WIKI |
| For example, in 1984 4,466 people lived in 375 houses, whereas a 1995 census showed that the citadel had only 1,631 inhabitants living in 247 houses. | WIKI |
| [23] Until the opening-up of the main northxe2x80x93south thoroughfare, the streets on the citadel mound radiated outward from the southern gate like the branches of a tree. | WIKI |
| The perimeter wall of the citadel is not a continuous fortification wall, but consists of the faxc3xa7ades of approximately 100 houses that have been built against each other. | WIKI |
| Because they have been built on or near the steep slope of the citadel mound, many of these faxc3xa7ades were strengthened by buttresses to prevent their collapse or subsidence. | WIKI |
| [27] There were circa 30 city-palaces; most of them located along the perimeter of the citadel. | WIKI |
| [29][30] Before the introduction of modern building techniques, most houses on the citadel were built around a courtyard. | WIKI |
| A raised arcade overlooking the courtyard, a flat roof and a bent-access entrance to prevent views of the courtyard and the interior of the house were characteristic elements of the houses on the citadel. | WIKI |
| Restored house faxc3xa7ades along the southern perimeter of the citadel | WIKI |
| In 2006 and 2007, a team from the University of West Bohemia, together with Salahaddin University in Arbil, carried out an extensive survey and evaluation of the entire citadel. | WIKI |
| As part of this project, geodetic measurements of the citadel were taken and these were combined with satellite imagery, regular photographic imagery and aerial photographs to create a map and digital 3D model of the citadel mound and the houses on top of it. | WIKI |
| Geophysical prospection was carried out in some areas of the citadel to detect traces of older architecture buried under the present houses. | WIKI |
| Archaeological investigations included an archaeological survey on the western slope of the citadel mound, and the excavation of a small test trench in the eastern part of the citadel. | WIKI |
| A Neo-Assyrian chamber tomb was found at the foot of the citadel mound during construction activities in 2009. | WIKI |
| Entrance of Erbil citadel (Front view) | WIKI |
| In 2007, the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) established the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR) to preserve and restore the citadel with the help of UNESCO. | WIKI |
| [1] Among other things, the HCECR advocates the establishment of a zone extending up to 300xe2x80x93400 metres (980xe2x80x931,310xc2xa0ft) from the citadel in which building height should be restricted to approximately 10 metres (33xc2xa0ft). | WIKI |
| This would ensure the visual dominance of the citadel over its surroundings. | WIKI |
| On 2 April 2019, NASA has described the historic citadel as possibly the oldest continuously occupied human settlement on Earth. | WIKI |
| The submission states that "The Citadel is today one of the most dramatic and visually exciting cultural sites not only in the Middle East but also in the world. | WIKI |
| [38] The Citadel was inscribed on the World Heritage List on 21 June 2014. | WIKI |
| A courtyard in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel. | WIKI |
| A courtyard in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel. | WIKI |
| Ornaments and details in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel. | WIKI |
| Ornaments and details in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel. | WIKI |
| A balcony in a traditional house in Erbil Citadel with ornamented hand-railing. | WIKI |
| Erbil Citadel is a rare surviving example of a formerly fortified settlement which has grown up on the top of an imposing ovoid-shaped tell. | UNESCO |
| The original fortifications of the Citadel were in time replaced by houses and the continuous wall of tall 19th century house faxc3xa7ades still conveys the visual impression of an impregnable fortress dominating the city of Erbil. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): Erbil Citadel is an imposing example of a multilayered archaeological mound still physically emerging from the surrounding landscape. | UNESCO |
| The physical structure of the Citadel town is characterized by the permanence of the Ottoman period urban form and street pattern on top of the mound. | UNESCO |
| The urban structure of the Citadel settlement is still clearly recognizable in its blocks division and alleyways. | UNESCO |
| Some demolitions made by the previous regime have opened some spaces, the building stock has suffered from decay in the past fifty years, and the social and functional integrity of the Citadel as an inhabited settlement has suffered discontinuity, but these will be carefully addressed following the recommendations of the Erbil Citadel Management Plan, in order to return the Citadel to its role as the central place for Erbil and its citizens. | UNESCO |
| The wider setting is also important to understand and appreciate Erbil Citadel as a landmark for the city. | UNESCO |
| If in terms of location the development scheme of Erbil has marked the central position of the Citadel, authenticity of setting is being improved thanks to specific guidelines. | UNESCO |
| The site represents a physical and symbolic landmark of Erbil city landscape but also a popular venue for gatherings of former residents and Friday prayers: links and sense of belonging of the local populations and former inhabitants represent important aspects for a long-term revitalisation of Erbil Citadel and its reintegration into the city as a vital and living element. | UNESCO |
| The Citadel is a protected site under the legislation of Iraq and of the Kurdistan region. | UNESCO |
| The authority in charge of its revitalization efforts, the High Commission for Erbil Citadel Revitalization (HCECR), is working in a strategic partnership with UNESCO and other agencies to conserve and rehabilitate the Citadel through programs of physical improvements within the framework of detailed studies and plans that have been the basis for the Conservation and Rehabilitation Master Plan for Erbil Citadel. | UNESCO |
| HCECR action has resulted in the preparation of the Erbil Citadel Management Plan, the instrument that is now regulating all activities concerning the sitexe2x80x99s future development and conservation. | UNESCO |
| The buffer areas of the Citadel are not under the responsibility of HCECR, but of Erbil Municipality, which has benefited from UNESCOxe2x80x99s, HCECRxe2x80x99s and international assistance to generate the Urban Design Guidelines for the Buffer Zone of Erbil Citadel, which are under implementation. | UNESCO |
| The current efforts to revitalize the Citadel and the strong relationship that the people of Erbil have with it, will be determining factors in returning the Citadel to the role and position it has always held in its history, as a living place central to the life of the city of Erbil and the northern regions of Iraq, and as an urban landscape of importance for all humanity. | UNESCO |