Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Durham Castle and Cathedral' has mentioned 'Castle' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Durham CastleUNESCO World Heritage SiteDurham Castle - view from within the Castle courtyardLocationDurham, England, United KingdomPart ofDurham Castle and CathedralCriteriaCultural:xc2xa0(ii), (iv), (vi)Reference370bisInscription1986 (10th session)Extensions2008Area8.79xc2xa0ha (0.0339xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Coordinates54xc2xb046xe2x80xb229xe2x80xb3N 1xc2xb034xe2x80xb234xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf54.77472xc2xb0N 1.57611xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 54.77472; -1.57611Location of Durham Castle in County Durham | WIKI |
| Durham Castle is a Norman castle in the city of Durham, England, which has been occupied since 1837 by University College, Durham after its previous role as the residence of the Bishops of Durham. | WIKI |
| The castle stands on top of a hill above the River Wear on Durham's peninsula, opposite Durham Cathedral (grid reference NZ274423). | WIKI |
| Construction of the Castle, which follows the usual motte and bailey design favoured by the Normans, began in 1072 under the orders of William the Conqueror, six years after the Norman conquest of England, and soon after the Normans first came to the North. | WIKI |
| The holder of the office of the Bishop of Durham, Bishop William Walcher at the time, was appointed by the King to exercise royal authority on his behalf, with the castle being his seat. | WIKI |
| It was under Walcher that many of the Castlexe2x80x99s first buildings were constructed. | WIKI |
| Another UNESCO report more specifically explains the need for a castle at this location:[3] | WIKI |
| ... the Castle was constructed 'to keep the bishop and his household safe from the attacks of assailants'. | WIKI |
| In May 1080, the castle was attacked and besieged for four days by rebels from Northumbria; Bishop Walcher was killed. | WIKI |
| In 1177, King Henry II of England seized the castle after a disagreement with the then-bishop, Hugh de Puiset (sometimes known as Pudsey). | WIKI |
| The castle has a large Great Hall, originally called a Dining Hall, created by Bishop Antony Bek in the early 14th century; Bishop Hatfield added a wooden minstrels' gallery. | WIKI |
| The Castle remained the bishop's palace for the Bishop of Durham until Auckland Castle was made the bishops' residence in 1832; the current bishop still maintains offices at that castle, roughly ten miles to the south. | WIKI |
| [13] The college did not occupy the castle until 1837, after the next Bishop, Edward Maltby, had completed renovations of the building. | WIKI |
| The Norman Chapel is the oldest accessible part of the castle built about 1078. | WIKI |
| The UNESCO report provides specifics about the Castle's important aspects:[20] | WIKI |
| Within the Castle precinct are later buildings of the Durham Palatinate, reflecting the Prince-Bishopsxe2x80x99 civic responsibilities and privileges. | WIKI |
| The Castle was the stronghold and residence of the Prince-Bishops of Durham, who were given virtual autonomy in return for protecting the northern boundaries of England, and thus held both religious and secular power. | UNESCO |
| Within the Castle precinct are later buildings of the Durham Palatinate, reflecting the Prince-Bishopsxe2x80x99 civic responsibilities and privileges. | UNESCO |
| The Cathedral and Castle are located on a peninsula formed by a bend in the River Wear with steep river banks constituting a natural line of defence. | UNESCO |
| The site is significant because of the exceptional architecture demonstrating architectural innovation and the visual drama of the Cathedral and Castle on the peninsula, and for the associations with notions of romantic beauty in tangible form. | UNESCO |
| The small astral (castle) chapel for its part marks a turning point in the evolution of 11th century Romanesque sculpture. | UNESCO |
| However, despite a minor modification of the propertyxe2x80x99s boundaries in 2008 to unite the Castle and Cathedral sites, the current boundary still does not fully encompass all the attributes and features that convey the propertyxe2x80x99s Outstanding Universal Value. | UNESCO |
| The steep banks of the River Wear, an important component of the propertyxe2x80x99s defensive role, and the full extent of the Castle precinct still lie outside the property boundary. | UNESCO |
| The visual integrity of the property relates to its prominent position high above a bend in the River Wear, and there is a need to protect key views to and from the Castle, Cathedral and town, that together portray one of the best known medieval cityscapes of medieval Europe. | UNESCO |
| The Castle is accessible through its use as part of the University of Durham, a centre of excellence for learning. | UNESCO |
| The architectural evolution of the Castle has not obscured its Norman layout. | UNESCO |
| Within the Castle, the astral chapel, with its groined vaults, is one of the most precious testimonies to Norman architecture circa 1080 AD. | UNESCO |
| The siting of the Castle and Cathedral in relation to the surrounding city has been sustained, as has its setting above the wooded Wear valley, both of which allow an understanding of its medieval form. | UNESCO |
| Both the Castle and Cathedral are protected by designation with the Cathedral Grade 1 listed and also protected through the ecclesiastical protection system, and the Castle Grade 1 listed. | UNESCO |
| The property lies within a conservation area and care is given to preserving views to and from the property, in particular from the Pretendsxe2x80x99 Bridge, where the Castle and Cathedral dominate the steeply wooded island banks forming part of an 18th century designed landscape. | UNESCO |
| There is nevertheless a need to ensure the protection of the immediate and wider setting of the property in light of the highly significant profile of the Castle, Cathedral and city and its distinctive silhouette visible day and night. | UNESCO |