Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din' has mentioned 'Castle' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Not to be confused with Kerak Castle. | WIKI |
| Crusader castle near Homs, Syria | WIKI |
| Krak des Chevaliersxd9x82xd9x84xd8xb9xd8xa9 xd8xa7xd9x84xd8xadxd8xb5xd9x86xe2x80x8eby Al-Husn, Talkalakh District, Syria Krak des Chevaliers from the southwestKrak des ChevaliersCoordinates34xc2xb045xe2x80xb225xe2x80xb3N 36xc2xb017xe2x80xb241xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf34.7570xc2xb0N 36.2947xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 34.7570; 36.2947Coordinates: 34xc2xb045xe2x80xb225xe2x80xb3N 36xc2xb017xe2x80xb241xe2x80xb3Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf34.7570xc2xb0N 36.2947xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 34.7570; 36.2947TypeConcentric castleSite informationControlledxc2xa0by Kurdish troops of the Mirdasids (1031xe2x80x931099) County of Tripoli (1110xe2x80x931143) Knights Hospitaller (1143xe2x80x931271) Mamluk Sultanate (1271xe2x80x931516) Ottoman Empire (1516xe2x80x931918) Alawite State (1920xe2x80x931936) Syrian Republic (1936xe2x80x931958) United Arab Republic (1958xe2x80x931961) Syrian Arab Republic (1961xe2x80x932012) Syrian opposition (2012xe2x80x932014) Syrian Arab Republic (2014xe2x80x93present) Openxc2xa0tothexc2xa0publicAccessibleConditionMostly good but damaged due to Syrian Civil WarSite historyBuilt 1031 (first castle) 1142xe2x80x931170 (second castle) Builtxc2xa0by Shibl al-Dawla Nasr (first castle) Knights Hospitaller (second castle) MaterialsLimestoneBattles/wars Crusades Syrian Civil War UNESCO World Heritage SitePart ofCrac des Chevaliers and Qalxe2x80x99at Salah El-DinCriteriaCultural: ii, ivReference1229-001Inscription2006 (30th session)Endangered2013 xe2x80x93 presentArea2.38 haBufferxc2xa0zone37.69 ha | WIKI |
| Krak des Chevaliers or Crac des Chevaliers (French pronunciation:xc2xa0xe2x80x8b[kxcax81ak de xcax83(xc9x99)valje]; Arabic: xd9x82xd9x84xd8xb9xd8xa9 xd8xa7xd9x84xd8xadxd8xb5xd9x86xe2x80x8e, romanized:xc2xa0Qalxcaxbfat al-xe1xb8xa4ixe1xb9xa3n), also called xe1xb8xa4ixe1xb9xa3n al-Akrxc4x81d (xd8xadxd8xb5xd9x86 xd8xa7xd9x84xd8xa3xd9x83xd8xb1xd8xa7xd8xafxe2x80x8e, literally "Fortress of the Kurds") and formerly Crac de l'Ospital, is a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. | WIKI |
| The Hospitallers began rebuilding the castle in the 1140s and were finished by 1170 when an earthquake damaged the castle. | WIKI |
| This phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance. | WIKI |
| The castle itself was commanded by a dizdar (castle warden). | WIKI |
| In 1894 the Ottoman government considered stationing a company of redif (auxiliary) soldiers there, but revised its plans after deciding the castle was too old and access too difficult. | WIKI |
| In the late 19th or early 20thxc2xa0century a settlement had been created within the castle, causing damage to its fabric. | WIKI |
| The 500xc2xa0inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the French Alawite State, which carried out a program of clearing and restoration. | WIKI |
| Today, a village called al-Husn exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9,000. | WIKI |
| The modern Arabic word for a castle is Kalaa (xd9x82xd9x84xd8xb9xd8xa9xe2x80x8e), but Krak des Chevaliers is known as a "Hisn" (xd8xadxd8xb5xd9x86xe2x80x8e), or "fort". | WIKI |
| After the Knights Hospitaller took control of the castle, it became known as Crac de l'Ospital; according to Guillaume Rey's 1871 work, it was designated by chroniclers of the Crusaders as the Crac des Chevaliers (alternatively spelt Krak des Chevaliers), where Chevalier is French for "Knight" (c.f. | WIKI |
| The castle sits atop a 650-metre-high (2,130xc2xa0ft) hill east of Tartus, Syria, in the Homs Gap. | WIKI |
| [11] On the other side of the gap, 27 kilometres (17xc2xa0mi) away, was the 12th-century Gibelacar Castle (Hisn Ibn Akkar). | WIKI |
| To the north of the castle lies the Jebel Ansariyah, and to the south Lebanon. | WIKI |
| Because of the castle's command of the plain, it became the Knights' most important base in the area. | WIKI |
| According to the 13th-century Arab historian Ibn Shaddad, in 1031, the Mirdasid emir of Aleppo and Homs, Shibl ad-Dawla Nasr, established a settlement of Kurdish tribesmen at the site of the castle,[15] which was then known as "xe1xb8xa4ixe1xb9xa3n al-Safxe1xb8xa5". | WIKI |
| [16] Due to Nasr's garrisoning of Kurdish troops at the site, the castle became known as "xe1xb8xa4ixe1xb9xa3n al-Akrxc4x81d" (Fortress of the Kurds). | WIKI |
| [15][16] The castle was strategically located at the southern edge of the Jibal al-Alawiyin mountain range and dominated the road between Homs and Tripoli. | WIKI |
| [18] The following day Raymond marched on the castle and found it deserted. | WIKI |
| The crusaders briefly occupied the castle in February of the same year but abandoned it when they continued their march towards Jerusalem. | WIKI |
| [19] The early castle was substantially different from the extant remains and no trace of this first castle survives at the site. | WIKI |
| Evidence suggests that in the 1130s the order became militarised[21] when Fulk, King of Jerusalem, granted the newly built castle at Beth Gibelin to the order in 1136. | WIKI |
| [23] The Hospitallers made Krak des Chevaliers a center of administration for their new property, undertaking work at the castle that would make it one of the most elaborate Crusader fortifications in the Levant. | WIKI |
| After acquiring the site in 1142, they began building a new castle to replace the former Kurdish fortification. | WIKI |
| This work lasted until 1170, when an earthquake damaged the castle. | WIKI |
| An Arab source mentions that the quake destroyed the castle's chapel, which was replaced by the present chapel. | WIKI |
| [31] In May 1188 Saladin led an army to attack Krak des Chevaliers, but on seeing the castle, decided it was too well defended and instead marched on the Hospitaller castle of Margat, which he also failed to capture. | WIKI |
| Another earthquake struck in 1202, and it may have been after this event that the castle was remodelled. | WIKI |
| An enclosing stone circuit was built between 1142 and 1170; the earlier structure became the castle's inner court or ward. | WIKI |
| Crusaders who passed through the area would often stop at the castle, and probably made donations. | WIKI |
| King Andrew II of Hungary visited in 1218 and proclaimed the castle the "key of the Christian lands". | WIKI |
| He was so impressed with the castle that he gave a yearly income of 60xc2xa0marks to the Master and 40xc2xa0to the brothers. | WIKI |
| Geoffroy de Joinville, uncle of the noted chronicler of the Crusades Jean de Joinville, died at Krak des Chevaliers in 1203 or 1204 and was buried in the castle's chapel. | WIKI |
| By 1203 the garrison were making raids on Montferrand (which was under Muslim control) and Hama, and in 1207 and 1208 the castle's soldiers took part in an attack on Homs. | WIKI |
| A Muslim army estimated to number 10,000xc2xa0men ravaged the countryside around the castle in 1252 after which the Order's finances declined sharply. | WIKI |
| As for Hugues Revel, some of the castellans of this castle are identified: Pierre de Mirmande (Grand Commander) and Geoffroy le Rat (Grand Master). | WIKI |
| Baibars ventured into the area around Krak des Chevaliers in 1270 and allowed his men to graze their animals on the fields around the castle. | WIKI |
| Before he marched on the castle the Sultan captured the smaller castles in the area, including Chastel Blanc. | WIKI |
| [36] By the time the Sultan appeared on the scene, the castle may already have been blockaded by Mamluk forces for several days. | WIKI |
| Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. | WIKI |
| As soon as Baibars arrived he erected mangonels, powerful siege weapons which he would later turn on the castle. | WIKI |
| In a probable reference to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance, Ibn Shaddad records that two days later the first line of defences fell to the besiegers. | WIKI |
| In the outer ward they encountered the peasants who had sought refuge in the castle. | WIKI |
| [38] The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. | WIKI |
| The east end of the castle's barrel-vaulted chapel | WIKI |
| Paul Deschamps visited the castle in February 1927. | WIKI |
| Since Rey had visited in the 19thxc2xa0century a village of 500xc2xa0people had been established within the castle. | WIKI |
| The culmination of Deschamp's work at the castle was the publication of Les Chxc3xa2teaux des Croisxc3xa9s en Terre Sainte I: le Crac des Chevaliers in 1934, with detailed plans by Anus. | WIKI |
| [44] The survey has been widely praised, described as "brilliant and exhaustive" by military historian D. J. Cathcart King in 1949[4] and "perhaps the finest account of the archaeology and history of a single medieval castle ever written" by historian Hugh Kennedy in 1994. | WIKI |
| As early as 1929 there were suggestions that the castle should be taken under French control. | WIKI |
| [47] The castle was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, along with Qalxe2x80x99at Salah El-Din, in 2006,[2] and is owned by the Syrian government. | WIKI |
| Smoke coming from the castle in August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War | WIKI |
| Several of the castle's former residents built their houses outside the fortress and a village called al-Husn has since developed. | WIKI |
| [51] The castle was shelled in August 2012 by the Syrian Arab Army, damaging the Crusader chapel. | WIKI |
| [citation needed] The Syrian Arab Army captured the castle and village of al-Hosn in March 2014. | WIKI |
| Writing in the early 20thxc2xa0century, T. E. Lawrence, popularly known as Lawrence of Arabia, remarked that Krak des Chevaliers was "perhaps the best preserved and most wholly admirable castle in the world, [a castle which] forms a fitting commentary on any account of the Crusading buildings of Syria". | WIKI |
| [55] Castles in Europe provided lordly accommodation for their owners and were centers of administration; in the Levant the need for defence was paramount and was reflected in castle design. | WIKI |
| Kennedy suggests that "The castle scientifically designed as a fighting machine surely reached its apogee in great buildings like Margat and Crac des Chevaliers. | WIKI |
| Krak des Chevaliers can be classified both as a spur castle, due to its site, and after the 13th-century expansion a fully developed concentric castle. | WIKI |
| It was similar in size and layout to Vadum Jacob, a Crusader castle built in the late 1170s. | WIKI |
| [57] Margat has also been cited as Krak des Chevaliers' sister castle. | WIKI |
| [59] Outside the castle's entrance was a "walled suburb" known as a burgus, no trace of which remains. | WIKI |
| [60] South of the castle the spur on which it stands is connected to the next hill, so that siege engines can approach on level ground. | WIKI |
| The castle was defended by a stone curtain wall studded with square towers which projected slightly. | WIKI |
| The lay of the land dictated the castle's irregular shape. | WIKI |
| A site with natural defences was a typical location for Crusader castles and steep slopes provided Krak des Chevaliers with defences on all sides bar one, where the castle's defences were concentrated. | WIKI |
| This phase of building was incorporated into the later castle's construction. | WIKI |
| It acted both as a moat and water supply for the castle. | WIKI |
| When the castle was remodelled in the early 13thxc2xa0century, the entrance was moved to the south wall. | WIKI |
| In 1935 a second chapel was discovered outside the castle's main entrance, however it no longer survives. | WIKI |
| Arrow slits in the walls and towers were distributed to minimise the amount of dead ground around the castle. | WIKI |
| [67] Anyone going straight ahead rather than following the hairpin turn would emerge in the area between the castle's two circuits of walls. | WIKI |
| Remains of medieval frescoes in the castle's chapel | WIKI |
| Despite its predominantly military character, the castle is one of the few sites where Crusader art (in the form of frescoes) has been preserved. | WIKI |
| Criterion (iv): In the history of architecture, the Crac des Chevaliers is taken as the best preserved example of the castles of the Crusader period, and it is also seen as an archetype of a medieval castle particularly in the context of the military orders. | UNESCO |
| Each castle has a separate management system, organized jointly by the DGAM in collaboration with the local authorities. | UNESCO |