Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'City of Bath' has mentioned 'City' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| City in Somerset, England | WIKI |
| Bath is the largest city in the county of Somerset, England, known for and named after its Roman-built baths. | WIKI |
| The city became a World Heritage site in 1987. | WIKI |
| The city became a spa with the Latin name Aquae Sulis ("the waters of Sulis") c. 60xc2xa0AD when the Romans built baths and a temple in the valley of the River Avon, although hot springs were known even before then. | WIKI |
| Georgian architecture, crafted from Bath stone, includes the Royal Crescent, Circus, Pump Room and Assembly Rooms where Beau Nash presided over the city's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761. | WIKI |
| Many of the streets and squares were laid out by John Wood, the Elder, and in the 18th century the city became fashionable and the population grew. | WIKI |
| The city has two universities xe2x80x93 the University of Bath and Bath Spa University xe2x80x93 with Bath College providing further education. | WIKI |
| Sporting clubs include Bath Rugby and Bath City F.C. | WIKI |
| The city is also home to software, publishing and service-oriented industries such as Future plc and Rotork. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 History 1.1 Iron Age and Roman 1.2 Post-Roman and medieval 1.3 Early modern 1.4 Late modern 2 Government 2.1 Historical development 2.2 Charter trustees 2.3 Coat of arms 2.4 Bath City Forum 2.5 Parliamentary elections 2.6 Electoral wards 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Physical geography 3.2 Climate 3.3 Green belt 4 Demography 4.1 District 4.2 City 5 Economy 5.1 Industry 5.2 Tourism 6 Architecture 7 Culture 7.1 Bath in the arts 7.2 Parks 7.3 Bath and Queen Victoria 7.4 Food 7.5 Twinning 7.5.1 Formal twinning 8 Education 9 Sport 10 Transport 10.1 Roads 10.2 Rivers and canals 10.3 Railways 10.4 Trams 10.4.1 Historic 10.4.2 Possible re-introduction 11 Media 12 See also 13 References 14 External links | WIKI |
| [8] Solsbury Hill overlooking the current city was an Iron Age hill fort and the adjacent Bathampton Camp may also have been one. | WIKI |
| According to the Victorian churchman Edward Churton, during the Anglo-Saxon era Bath was known as Acemannesceastre ('Akemanchester'), or 'aching men's city', on account of the reputation these springs had for healing the sick. | WIKI |
| The Bath Foreign Hundred or Forinsecum covered the area outside the city and was later combined into the Bath Forum Hundred. | WIKI |
| [43] The abbey church became derelict before being restored as the city's parish church in the Elizabethan era, when the city experienced a revival as a spa. | WIKI |
| The baths were improved and the city began to attract the aristocracy. | WIKI |
| During the English Civil War, the city was garrisoned for Charles I. | WIKI |
| Seven thousand pounds was spent on fortifications, but on the appearance of parliamentary forces the gates were thrown open and the city surrendered. | WIKI |
| [45] Bath was retaken by royalists following the Battle of Lansdowne fought on the northern outskirts of the city on 5 July 1643. | WIKI |
| [46] Thomas Guidott, a student of chemistry and medicine at Wadham College, Oxford, set up a practice in the city in 1668. | WIKI |
| Several areas of the city were developed in the Stuart period, and more building took place during Georgian times in response to the increasing number of visitors who required accommodation. | WIKI |
| [49] Much of the creamy gold Bath stone, a type of limestone used for construction in the city, was obtained from the Combe Down and Bathampton Down Mines owned by Ralph Allen (1694xe2x80x931764). | WIKI |
| [50] Allen, to advertise the quality of his quarried limestone, commissioned the elder John Wood to build a country house on his Prior Park estate between the city and the mines. | WIKI |
| Master of ceremonies Beau Nash, who presided over the city's social life from 1705 until his death in 1761, drew up a code of behaviour for public entertainments. | WIKI |
| The population of the city was 40,020 at the 1801 census, making it one of the largest cities in Britain. | WIKI |
| A postwar review of inadequate housing led to the clearance and redevelopment of areas of the city in a postwar style, often at variance with the local Georgian style. | WIKI |
| In the 1950s the nearby villages of Combe Down, Twerton and Weston were incorporated into the city to enable the development of housing, much of it council housing. | WIKI |
| [60][61] In 1987 the city was selected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, recognising its international cultural significance. | WIKI |
| Since 1996, the city has a single tier of local government xe2x80x94 Bath and North East Somerset Council. | WIKI |
| [67] The unitary district included also the Wansdyke district and therefore includes a wider area than the city (the 'North East Somerset' element) including Keynsham which is home to many of the council's offices, though the council meets at the Guildhall in Bath. | WIKI |
| Because Bath is unparished, there is no longer a city council (or parish council) xe2x80x93 Bath City Council having ended in 1996 with the abolition of the district of Bath. | WIKI |
| The City of Bath's ceremonial functions, including its formal status as a city, its twinning arrangements,[68] the mayoralty of Bathxc2xa0xe2x80x93 which can be traced back to 1230xc2xa0xe2x80x93 and control of the city's coat of arms, are maintained by the charter trustees of the City of Bath. | WIKI |
| [72] A mural crown, indicating a city, is alternatively used instead of the helmet and Edgar's crown. | WIKI |
| Bath City Forum[edit] | WIKI |
| Bath and North East Somerset Council has established the Bath City Forum, comprising B&NES councillors representing wards in Bath and up to 13 co-opted members drawn from the communities of the city. | WIKI |
| These wards are co-extensive with the city, except that Newbridge includes also two parishes beyond the city boundary. | WIKI |
| View over Bath city centre from Alexandra Park | WIKI |
| Bath is in the Avon Valley and is surrounded by limestone hills as it is near the southern edge of the Cotswolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and the limestone Mendip Hills rise around 7 miles (11xc2xa0km) south of the city. | WIKI |
| The hills that surround and make up the city have a maximum altitude of 781 feet (238 metres) on the Lansdown plateau. | WIKI |
| The floodplain of the Avon has an altitude of about 59xc2xa0ft (18xc2xa0m) above sea level,[79] although the city centre is at an elevation of around 25 metres (82xc2xa0ft) above sea level. | WIKI |
| Periodic flooding, which shortened the life of many buildings in the lowest part of the city, was normal until major flood control works were completed in the 1970s. | WIKI |
| [87] Suburbs of the city bordering the green belt include Batheaston, Bathford, Bathampton, the University of Bath campus, Ensleigh, Twerton, Upper Weston, Odd Down, and Combe Down. | WIKI |
| Parts of the Cotswolds AONB southern extent overlap the green belt north of the city, with other nearby landscape features and facilities within the green belt including the River Avon, Kennet and Avon Canal, Bath Racecourse, Bath Golf Club, Bathampton Down, Bathampton Meadow Nature Reserve, Bristol and Bath Railway Path, the Cotswold Way, Limestone Link route, Pennyquick Park, Little Solsbury Hill, and Primrose Hill. | WIKI |
| City[edit] | WIKI |
| The 2011 census recorded a population of 94,782 for the Bath built-up area and 88,859 for the unparished area (the city), with the latter exactly corresponding to the boundaries of the parliament constituency. | WIKI |
| [89] The Bath built-up area extends slightly beyond the boundaries of the city itself, taking in areas to the northeast such as Bathampton and Bathford. | WIKI |
| The 2001 census figure for the city was 83,992. | WIKI |
| The table below compares the city (the unparished area) of Bath with the unitary authority district as a whole (including the city) and South West England. | WIKI |
| Ethnic groups 2011 Bath city Bath and North East Somerset South West England White British 85.0% 90.1% 91.8% Asian 4.2% 2.6% 2.0% Black 1.2% 0.7% 0.9% Other White 4.7% 4.4% 3.6%[93] | WIKI |
| Nowadays, manufacturing is in decline, but the city boasts strong software, publishing and service-oriented industries. | WIKI |
| The city's attraction to tourists has also led to a significant number of jobs in tourism-related industries. | WIKI |
| Major employers are the National Health Service, the city's two universities, and the Bath and North East Somerset Council, as well as the Ministry of Defence although a number of MOD offices formerly in Bath have recently moved to Bristol. | WIKI |
| [98] The city boasts over 400 retail shops, half of which are run by independent specialist retailers, and around 100 restaurants and cafes primarily supported by tourism. | WIKI |
| [97] The visits mainly fall into the categories of heritage tourism and cultural tourism, aided by the city's selection in 1987 as a World Heritage Site in recognition of its international cultural importance. | WIKI |
| [60] All significant stages of the history of England are represented within the city, from the Roman Baths (including their significant Celtic presence), to Bath Abbey and the Royal Crescent, to the more recent Thermae Bath Spa. | WIKI |
| The size of the tourist industry is reflected in the almost 300 places of accommodationxc2xa0xe2x80x93 including more than 80 hotels, two of which have 'five-star' ratings,[99] over 180 bed and breakfastsxc2xa0xe2x80x93 many of which are located in Georgian buildings, and two campsites located on the western edge of the city. | WIKI |
| The city also has about 100 restaurants and a similar number of pubs and bars. | WIKI |
| Several companies offer open top bus tours around the city, as well as tours on foot and on the river. | WIKI |
| Since the opening of Thermae Bath Spa in 2006, the city has attempted to recapture its historical position as the only town or city in the United Kingdom offering visitors the opportunity to bathe in naturally heated spring waters. | WIKI |
| There are many Roman archaeological sites throughout the central area of the city. | WIKI |
| The baths themselves are about 6 metres (20xc2xa0ft) below the present city street level. | WIKI |
| Many of the prominent architects of the day were employed in the development of the city. | WIKI |
| [110] The masons Reeves of Bath were prominent in the city from the 1770s to 1860s. | WIKI |
| [114][115][116] Other fine terraces elsewhere in the city include Lansdown Crescent[117] and Somerset Place on the northern hill. | WIKI |
| In some parts of the city, such as George Street, and London Road near Cleveland Bridge, the developers of the opposite side of the road did not match this pattern, leaving raised pavements with the ends of the vaults exposed to a lower street below. | WIKI |
| The heart of the Georgian city was the Pump Room, which, together with its associated Lower Assembly Rooms, was designed by Thomas Baldwin, a local builder responsible for many other buildings in the city, including the terraces in Argyle Street[120] and the Guildhall. | WIKI |
| In 1776 he was made the chief City Surveyor, and Bath City Architect. | WIKI |
| As a result of this and other changes, notably plans for abandoned industrial land along the Avon, the city's status as a World Heritage Site was reviewed by UNESCO in 2009. | WIKI |
| The city has a long-standing musical tradition; Bath Abbey, home to the Klais Organ and the largest concert venue in the city,[134] stages about 20 concerts and 26 organ recitals each year. | WIKI |
| The city holds the annual Bath International Music Festival and Mozartfest, the annual Bath Literature Festival (and its counterpart for children), the Bath Film Festival, the Bath Digital Festival. | WIKI |
| The city is home to the Victoria Art Gallery,[136] the Museum of East Asian Art, and Holburne Museum,[137] numerous commercial art galleries and antique shops, as well as a number of other museums, among them Bath Postal Museum, the Fashion Museum, the Jane Austen Centre, the Herschel Museum of Astronomy and the Roman Baths. | WIKI |
| The history of the city is displayed at the Museum of Bath Architecture, which is housed in a building built in 1765 as the Trinity Presbyterian Church. | WIKI |
| [144] Jane Austen never liked the city, and wrote to Cassandra, "It will be two years tomorrow since we left Bath for Clifton, with what happy feelings of escape. | WIKI |
| "[145] Bath has honoured her name with the Jane Austen Centre and a city walk. | WIKI |
| Austen's Northanger Abbey and Persuasion are set in the city and describe taking the waters, social life, and music recitals. | WIKI |
| [147] Moyra Caldecott's novel The Waters of Sul is set in Roman Bath in ADxc2xa072, and The Regency Detective, by David Lassman and Terence James, revolves around the exploits of Jack Swann investigating deaths in the city during the early 1800s. | WIKI |
| [148] Richard Brinsley Sheridan's play The Rivals takes place in the city,[149] as does Roald Dahl's chilling short story, "The Landlady". | WIKI |
| In August 2003 The Three Tenors sang at a concert to mark the opening of the Thermae Bath Spa, a new hot water spa in the city centre, but delays to the project meant the spa actually opened three years later on 7 August 2006. | WIKI |
| [153] In 2008, 104 decorated pigs were displayed around the city in a public art event called "King Bladud's Pigs in Bath". | WIKI |
| It celebrated the city, its origins and artists. | WIKI |
| Royal Victoria Park, a short walk from the city centre, was opened in 1830 by the 11-year-old Princess Victoria, and was the first park to carry her name. | WIKI |
| Other parks include Alexandra Park on a hill overlooking the city; Parade Gardens, along the river near the abbey in the city centre; Sydney Gardens, an 18th-century pleasure garden; Henrietta Park; Hedgemead Park; and Alice Park. | WIKI |
| "[162] Alexandra, Alice and Henrietta parks were built into the growing city among the housing developments. | WIKI |
| Several foods have an association with the city. | WIKI |
| They were associated with the city following The Great Exhibition. | WIKI |
| Bath Chaps, the salted and smoked cheek and jawbones of the pig, takes its name from the city[173] and is available from a stall in the daily covered market. | WIKI |
| Bath Ales brewery is located in Warmley and Abbey Ales are brewed in the city. | WIKI |
| It plays in blue, white and black kit at the Recreation Ground in the city, where it has been since the late 19th century, following its establishment in 1865. | WIKI |
| Bath City F.C. | WIKI |
| Bath City gained promotion to the Conference Premier from the Conference South in 2010. | WIKI |
| Bath City F.C. | WIKI |
| [187] The university's team was established in 1999 while the city team has existed since before 1908 (when it entered the Western League). | WIKI |
| Bath City narrowly missed out on election to the English Football League in 1978. | WIKI |
| Many cricket clubs are based in the city, including Bath Cricket Club, who are based at the North Parade Ground and play in the West of England Premier League. | WIKI |
| The Bath Half Marathon is run annually through the city streets, with over 10,000 runners. | WIKI |
| Bath is approximately 11 miles (18xc2xa0km) south-east of the larger city and port of Bristol, to which it is linked by the A4 road, which runs through Bath, and is a similar distance south of the M4 motorway at junction 18. | WIKI |
| [199] The city introduced a Class C Clean Air Zone on 15 March 2021, which charges the most polluting vehicles xc2xa39 per day (and up to xc2xa3100 per day for coaches and HGVs) to drive in the city centre. | WIKI |
| A very large increase in city centre parking was also provided under the new SouthGate shopping centre development, which necessarily introduces more car traffic. | WIKI |
| In addition, a bus gate scheme in Northgate aims to reduce private car use in the city centre. | WIKI |
| The Bath Bus Company runs open top double-decker bus tours around the city, as well as frequent services to Bristol Airport. | WIKI |
| The city is connected to Bristol and the sea by the River Avon, navigable via locks by small boats. | WIKI |
| Its Bath station building, now restored, houses shops, small businesses, the Saturday Bath Farmers Market and parking for a supermarket, while the route of the Somerset and Dorset within Bath has been reused for the Two Tunnels Greenway, a shared use path that extends National Cycle Route 24 into the city. | WIKI |
| In 2005 a detailed plan was created and presented to the Council to re-introduce trams to Bath, but the plan did not proceed, reportedly due to the focus by the Council on the government-supported busway planned to run from the Newbridge park and ride into the city centre. | WIKI |
| Part of the justification for the proposed tram reintroduction plan was the pollution from vehicles within the city, which was twice the legal levels, and the heavy traffic congestion due to high car usage. | WIKI |
| [211] In 2017, Bath and North East Somerset Council announced a feasibility study, due to be published by March 2018, into implementing a light rail or tram system in the city. | WIKI |
| In November 2016, the West of England Local Enterprise Partnership began a consultation process on their Transport Vision Summary Document, outlining potential light rail/tram routes in the region, one of which being a route from Bristol city centre along the A4 road to Bath to relieve pressure on bus and rail services between the two cities. | WIKI |
| Radio stations broadcasting to the city include BBC Radio Bristol which has a studio in Kingsmead Square in the city centre, BBC Radio Somerset in Taunton, The Breeze on 107.9FM and Heart West Country, formerly GWR FM, as well as The University of Bath's University Radio Bath, a student-focused radio station available on campus and also online. | WIKI |
| It became an important centre for the wool industry in the Middle Ages but in the 18th century under the reigns of George l, ll and III it developed into an elegant spa city, famed in literature and art. | UNESCO |
| The City of Bath is of Outstanding Universal Value for the following cultural attributes: The Roman remains, especially the Temple of Sulis Minerva and the baths complex (based around the hot springs at the heart of the Roman town of Aquae Sulis, which have remained at the heart of the Cityxe2x80x99s development ever since) are amongst the most famous and important Roman remains north of the Alps, and marked the beginning of Bathxe2x80x99s history as a spa town. | UNESCO |
| The Georgian city reflects the ambitions of John Wood Senior (1704-1754), Ralph Allen (1693-1764) and Richard xe2x80x9cBeauxe2x80x9d Nash (1674-1761) to make Bath into one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, with architecture and landscape combined harmoniously for the enjoyment of the spa townxe2x80x99s cure takers. | UNESCO |
| The Neo-classical style of the public buildings (such as the Assembly Rooms and the Pump Room) harmonises with the grandiose proportions of the monumental ensembles (such as Queen Square, Circus and Royal Crescent) and collectively reflects the ambitions, particularly social, of the spa city in the 18th century. | UNESCO |
| The individual Georgian buildings reflect the profound influence of Palladio (1508-1580) and their collective scale, style and the organisation of the spaces between buildings epitomises the success of architects such as the John Woods (elder 1704-1754, younger 1728-1782), Robert Adam (1728-1792), Thomas Baldwin (1750-1820) and John Palmer (1738-1817) in transposing Palladioxe2x80x99s ideas to the scale of a complete city, situated in a hollow in the hills and built to a picturesque landscape aestheticism creating a strong garden city feel, more akin to the 19th century garden cities than the 17th century Renaissance cities. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (i): Bathxe2x80x99s grandiose Neo-classical Palladian crescents, terraces and squares spread out over the surrounding hills and set in its green valley, are a demonstration par excellence of the integration of architecture, urban design and landscape setting, and the deliberate creation of a beautiful city. | UNESCO |
| Not only are individual buildings such as the Assembly Rooms and Pump Room of great distinction, they are part of the larger overall city landscape that evolved over a century in a harmonious and logical way, drawing together public and private buildings and spaces in a way that reflects the precepts of Palladio tempered with picturesque aestheticism. | UNESCO |
| Three men xe2x80x93 architect John Wood Senior, entrepreneur and quarry owner Ralph Allen and celebrated social shaper and Master of Ceremonies Richard xe2x80x9cBeauxe2x80x9d Nash xe2x80x93 together provided the impetus to start this social, economic and physical rebirth, resulting in a city that played host to the social, political and cultural leaders of the day. | UNESCO |
| That the architects who followed were working over the course of a century, with no master plan or single patron, did not prevent them from contriving to relate each individual development to those around it and to the wider landscape, creating a city that is harmonious and logical, in concord with its natural environment and extremely beautiful. | UNESCO |
| This unifying of nature and city, seen throughout Bath, is perhaps best demonstrated in the Royal Crescent (John Wood Younger) and Lansdown Crescent (John Palmer). | UNESCO |
| Bathxe2x80x99s urban and landscape spaces are created by the buildings that enclose them, providing a series of interlinked spaces that flow organically, and that visually (and at times physically) draw in the green surrounding countryside to create a distinctive garden city feel, looking forward to the principles of garden cities developed by the 19th century town planners. | UNESCO |
| Bath exemplifies the main themes of the 18th century neoclassical city; the monumentalisation of ordinary houses, the integration of landscape and town, and the creation and interlinking of urban spaces, designed and developed as a response to the growing popularity of Bath as a society and spa destination and to provide an appropriate picturesque setting and facilities for the cure takers and social visitors. | UNESCO |
| Although Bath gained greatest importance in Roman and Georgian times, the city nevertheless reflects continuous development over two millennia with the spectacular medieval Abbey Church sat beside the Roman temple and baths, in the heart of the 18th century and modern day city. | UNESCO |
| Remains of the known Roman baths, the Temple of Sulis Minerva and the below grounds Roman archaeology are well preserved and within the property boundary as are the areas of Georgian town planning and architecture, and large elements of the landscape within which the city is set. | UNESCO |
| Despite some loss of Georgian buildings prior to inscription, the Georgian City remains largely intact both in terms of buildings and plan form. | UNESCO |
| The relationship of the Georgian City to its setting of the surrounding hills remains clearly visible. | UNESCO |
| As a modern city, Bath remains vulnerable to large-scale development and to transport pressures, both within the site and in its setting that could impact adversely on its garden city feel and on views across the property and to its green setting. | UNESCO |
| The hot springs, which are the reason for the Cityxe2x80x99s original development, are of undoubted authenticity. | UNESCO |
| More vulnerable is the overall interaction between groups of buildings in terraces, crescents and squares and views to the surrounding landscape that contributed to the Cityxe2x80x99s visual harmony. | UNESCO |
| Members represent national government, Bath and North East Somerset Council elected members and officers, surrounding Parish Councils, heritage bodies, and the city business group, residentxe2x80x99s associations, both universities and the tourism company. | UNESCO |
| The need for development to be based on an understanding of the distinctiveness and Outstanding Universal Value of the Georgian City continues to be guided by the policy framework listed above. | UNESCO |