Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd' has mentioned 'Wales' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in GwyneddUNESCO World Heritage SiteThe entrance of Caernarfon CastleLocationGwynedd, Wales, United KingdomIncludesCaernarfon Castle, Harlech Castle, Conwy Castle, Beaumaris Castle, Caernarfon town walls, Conwy town wallsCriteriaCultural: i, iii, ivReference374Inscription1986 (10th session)Coordinates53xc2xb08xe2x80xb223xe2x80xb3N 4xc2xb016xe2x80xb237xe2x80xb3Wxefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf53.13972xc2xb0N 4.27694xc2xb0Wxefxbbxbf / 53.13972; -4.27694Location of GwyneddShow map of WalesCastles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United Kingdom | WIKI |
| The Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd is a UNESCO-designated World Heritage Site located in Gwynedd,[nb 1] Wales. | WIKI |
| The fortifications were built by Edward I after his invasion of North Wales in 1282. | WIKI |
| The fortifications played an important part in the conflicts in North Wales over the coming centuries. | WIKI |
| The Edwardian castles and town walls in Gwynedd were built as a consequence of the wars fought for the control of Wales in the late 13th century. | WIKI |
| [4] In the 1260s, however, the Welsh leader Llywelyn ap Gruffudd exploited a civil war between Henry III and rebel barons in England to become the dominant power, and was formally recognised as the prince of Wales under the Treaty of Montgomery. | WIKI |
| Edward had extensive experience of warfare and sieges, having fought in Wales in 1257, led the six-month siege of Kenilworth Castle in 1266 and joined the crusade to North Africa in 1270. | WIKI |
| Meanwhile, relations between Edward and Llywelyn rapidly collapsed, leading to Edward invading North Wales in 1276 in an attempt to break Llywelyn's hold on power. | WIKI |
| Rather than repeating the devolved arrangements of previous treaties, Edward chose to permanently colonise North Wales instead. | WIKI |
| [10] The governance of Wales was reformed, and the arrangements set out in the Statute of Rhuddlan, enacted on 3xc2xa0March 1284. | WIKI |
| Wales was divided into counties and shires, emulating how England was governed, with three new shires created in the north-west: Caernarfon, Merioneth and Anglesey. | WIKI |
| Carpenters, ditch diggers and stonemasons were gathered by local sheriffs from across England and mustered at Chester and Bristol, before being sent on to North Wales in the spring, returning home each winter. | WIKI |
| [10] By the end of the year, Edward had returned to Wales with a large army and marched west from Chester, reaching his castle at Conwy by Christmas. | WIKI |
| [31] By 1304 the total building programme in Wales had come to at least xc2xa380,000, almost six times Edward's annual income. | WIKI |
| [33] In 1306 Edward became concerned about a possible Scottish invasion of North Wales, spurring fresh construction work, but money remained much more limited than before. | WIKI |
| The ascension of the Tudor dynasty to the English throne in 1485 marked the end of the Wars of the Roses and heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. | WIKI |
| They were neglected, and in 1538 it was reported that many castles in Wales were "moche ruynous and ferre in decaye for lakke of tymely reparations". | WIKI |
| [46] In 1610 the cartographer John Speed produced a famous sequence of pictorial maps of the towns of North Wales, including their castles and town defences, which have become iconic images of the sites at the turn of the 17th century. | WIKI |
| The fortifications in North Wales were held by supporters of the king and in some cases became strategically important as part of the communications route between royal forces operating in England and supplies and reinforcements in Ireland. | WIKI |
| [58] Parliament gained the upper hand in England, however, and by 1646 its armies were able to intervene in North Wales. | WIKI |
| [61] North Wales proved to be a special case, as there were concerns that Charles II might lead a Presbyterian uprising in Scotland and mount a sea-borne attack on the region. | WIKI |
| The fashion was encouraged by the events of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the 19th century, which made it difficult for British artists to visit the continent, leading many to travel to North Wales instead. | WIKI |
| [85] The use of Caernarfon in the investiture of the Prince of Wales in 1911 and 1969, for example, was challenged by Welsh nationalists such as Alun Ffred Jones. | WIKI |
| [97] Some of these survive largely intact; Conwy, for example, has what historian Jeremy Ashbee considers to be the "best preserved suite of medieval private royal chambers in England and Wales", including a private garden for the use of the queen. | WIKI |
| The castles made a clear, imperial statement about Edward's intentions to rule North Wales on a permanent basis. | WIKI |
| [107] Similarities include the semi-circular door arches, window styles, corbelled towers, the positioning of putlog holes, tall circular towers and crenellations with pinnacles found in Edward's works in North Wales; in Savoy these can be seen in constructions such as the defences of Saillon, La Bxc3xa2tiaz and Chillon Castles. | WIKI |
| [108] Many of these similarities have been considered to be the result of the influence of the Savoy architect Master James of St George, employed by Edward I, and who brought other Savoyard architects with him to North Wales. | WIKI |
| [110] The stonework of the sites in North Wales is of much higher quality than that in North Italy, and key features xe2x80x93 such as the gatehouses xe2x80x93 are not seen in Savoyard. | WIKI |
| The four castles of Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon, Harlech and the attendant fortified towns at Conwy and Caernarfon in Gwynedd, North Wales, are the finest examples of late 13th century and early 14th century military architecture in Europe, as demonstrated through their completeness, pristine state, evidence for organized domestic space, and extraordinary repertory of their medieval architectural form. | UNESCO |