Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Caliphate City of Medina Azahara' has mentioned 'Umayyad' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| The city was built near Cxc3xb3rdoba, the existing capital of al-Andalus under Umayyad rule. | WIKI |
| Although independent from the Abbasids, the new Umayyad rulers in Al-Andalus, based in Cordoba, did not reclaim the title of "caliph" at this time. | WIKI |
| When Abd ar-Rahman III came to power as emir in 912, he began to systematically re-establish Umayyad authority over rebel regions within his realm and reinforce his own authority across Al-Andalus through military and diplomatic means. | WIKI |
| This move may also have been in response to the rise of the Fatimid Caliphate in North Africa around the same time, which challenged the Sunni caliphs of Baghdad and also presented a threat to the interests of the Umayyad state in Al-Andalus. | WIKI |
| Before the creation of Madinat al-Zahra, the residence and centre of government for the Umayyad emirs had been the Alcazar in the heart of Cordoba, across from which stood the Great Mosque of Cordoba. | WIKI |
| [38][40][39] The location of the palace, which has never been excavated, is still debated: it may have been between Cordoba and Madinat az-Zahra to the west, or it may have been built to the east of Cordoba, in order to draw the focus of power away from the earlier Umayyad palaces. | WIKI |
| When he crossed the border into Christian territory in February 1009, his opponents broke into the old Alcazar and forced Hisham II to abdicate to another member of the Umayyad family, Muhammad. | WIKI |
| He notes, however, that such elevated halls with distant views had precedents in the old Alcazar of Cordoba as well as at ar-Rusafa, an older Umayyad palatial estate in the countryside of Cordoba. | WIKI |
| [112] This type of garden probably drew its origins from Persian gardens (chahar bagh) that existed far to the east and was imported to the west by Umayyad patrons. | WIKI |
| Among other things, this eastern Umayyad origin is evidenced by the existence of similar gardens discovered at the palace-villa in Syria known as ar-Rusafa, which belonged to the reign of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (early 8th century). | WIKI |
| This suggests that there were precedents for this tradition among the Umayyad emirs of Al-Andalus. | WIKI |
| Criterion (iii): The abandoned Caliphate City of Medina Azahara, being a new city planned and built as a state initiative, attests in an exceptional way to the Umayyad cultural and architectural civilization, and more generally to the development of the western Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus. | UNESCO |