Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Caliphate City of Medina Azahara' has mentioned 'Garden' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Background 2.2 Construction and development 2.3 Life and government within the palace-city 2.4 Construction of Madinat az-Zahira by Almanzor 2.5 Decline and destruction 3 Geography 4 Architecture and layout 4.1 Overview 4.2 The lower level 4.2.1 The Aljama Mosque 4.3 The upper levels (palace areas) 4.3.1 Gates and entrances 4.3.1.1 North Gate 4.3.1.2 Bab al-Sudda (eastern portico) 4.3.2 Upper Basilical Hall (Dar al-Jund) 4.3.3 Dar al-Mulk 4.3.4 Court of the Pillars and nearby buildings 4.3.5 House of the Water Basin 4.3.6 House of Ja'far 4.3.7 The service area 4.3.8 Salxc3xb3n Rico (Reception Hall of Abd ar-Rahman III) 4.3.9 The Upper Garden and the Central Pavilion 4.3.10 The Lower Garden 4.4 Water infrastructure 5 Architectural influence and legacy 6 Archaeology and conservation 7 Museum 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links | WIKI |
| The city's main congregational mosque, also known today as the Aljama Mosque, was located on the lower level just east of the Upper Garden and Salxc3xb3n Rico complex. | WIKI |
| It could be reached from the palaces via a covered ramp passage in the eastern wall of the Upper Garden's terrace. | WIKI |
| Felix Arnold suggests that this overall layout had a precedent in the older Alcazar of Cordoba, where visitors coming from the main public entrance to the west arrived into a courtyard or garden in front of the Majlis al-Kamil ("Perfect Hall"), the main audience chamber of the palace. | WIKI |
| [67] The remains of the courtyard were converted into a garden in the 1960s. | WIKI |
| [74] Felix Arnold notes that because the doorways of the three halls were aligned with each other and faced outwards from the edge of the palace terrace, they would have offered views of the distant horizon across the valley, but not onto a private garden or courtyard as was typical in many Islamic palaces in the history of the region. | WIKI |
| [82] D. Fairchild Ruggles, a scholar of historic Islamic gardens, indicates that the garden of this house is also known as the "Prince's Garden" and may have been enjoyed by elite residents of the palaces. | WIKI |
| [89] The hall was fronted by the Upper Garden and by a large water basin, with which it formed a unified design. | WIKI |
| Beneath the buildings on the west side was an underground passage, known today as the Camino de Ronda, which may have served as the substructure for the buildings above and which linked the Salxc3xb3n Rico with the Lower Garden. | WIKI |
| The Upper Garden and the Central Pavilion[edit] | WIKI |
| The Upper Garden in front of the Salxc3xb3n Rico (the current trees and shrubs were planted in modern times) | WIKI |
| The Upper Garden (Jardxc3xadn Alto in Spanish) stretches out in front of the Salxc3xb3n Rico and occupies an elevated terrace that is 10 meters higher than the surrounding areas on the east, south, and west. | WIKI |
| On its east side was the Lower Garden and on its west side was the Aljama Mosque. | WIKI |
| The latter was reached via a covered path along the terrace wall, and to the south is another large unexcavated garden. | WIKI |
| [69] The eastern wall of the terrace is aligned with the portico of Bab al-Sudda while its north and south borders are aligned with those of the older Lower Garden to the east. | WIKI |
| Although it may have been initially intended to have a perfectly square layout, which would have measured 133 by 133 meters, the western side of the garden was extended on top of the Lower Garden, giving it a final width of 153.5 meters instead. | WIKI |
| The garden itself was for purely aesthetic purposes. | WIKI |
| [99] Along with the Lower Garden, it is among the earliest examples of the traditional four-part Islamic garden, also known as chahar bagh in the Persian tradition. | WIKI |
| Two other walkways split the garden into four quadrants of slightly unequal size (the northern ones being larger). | WIKI |
| This evidence suggests that the original garden was divided into perfectly equal quadrants but that the east-west path was moved south to its current position in order to accommodate the creation of the Central Pavilion. | WIKI |
| [98] This change would also explain why the east-west path of the garden is not aligned with the east-west path of the Lower Garden to the east or with the location of a possible pavilion on that side of the garden. | WIKI |
| View over the main water basin of the Upper GardenRemains of the Central Pavilion in the Upper Garden | WIKI |
| At the middle of the garden's northern side is a large water basin measuring 19 by 19 meters and 2 meters deep. | WIKI |
| The Lower Garden[edit] | WIKI |
| View of the Lower Garden from a nearby terrace | WIKI |
| The Lower Garden (Jardin Bajo in Spanish) stood on a lower level on the east side of the Upper Garden and south of the Dar al-Mulk. | WIKI |
| It has not been completely excavated but it is known to have had an equal four-part division much like the Upper Garden's initial design. | WIKI |
| The garden was originally 125 meters long from north to south and 180 meters wide from east to west, but when the Upper Garden was built to the east its width was reduced by 22 meters. | WIKI |
| It is not clear what they were planted with, but limited evidence suggests once again that they were planted with herbs and shrubs similar to those of the Upper Garden, as well as flax. | WIKI |
| At the middle of the garden's eastern edge, along the wall of the Upper Garden, was a rectangular buttress that is much larger than the other buttresses along the Upper Garden wall. | WIKI |
| At the base of this buttress was a water basin into which water from the Upper Garden probably cascaded from above. | WIKI |
| A pavilion may have also existed on top of it, with views over the Lower Garden from above, but not enough remains have been preserved to prove this. | WIKI |
| The Lower Garden and Upper Garden of Madinat al-Zahra are the earliest archeologically-attested examples of a symmetrically-divided garden in the western Islamic world, and among the earliest examples in the Islamic world more generally. | WIKI |
| [112] This type of garden probably drew its origins from Persian gardens (chahar bagh) that existed far to the east and was imported to the west by Umayyad patrons. | WIKI |