Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi' has mentioned 'Buddha' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Its nucleus was a simple hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| 3 3.4 Sunga Pillar 4 Satavahana period (1st century BCE xe2x80x93 1st century CE) 4.1 Material and carving technique 4.2 Architecture: evolution of the load-bearing pillar capital 4.3 Main themes of the reliefs 4.3.1 Jatakas 4.3.2 Miracles 4.3.3 Temptation of the Buddha 4.3.4 War over the Buddha's Relics 4.3.5 Removal of the relics by Ashoka 4.3.6 Building of the Bodh Gaya temple by Ashoka 4.3.7 Foreign devotees 4.3.8 Aniconism 4.4 The Gateways or Toranas 4.4.1 Stupa 1 Southern Gateway 4.4.2 Stupa 1 Northern Gateway 4.4.3 Stupa 1 Eastern Gateway 4.4.4 Stupa 1 Western Gateway 4.4.5 Stupa 3 Southern Gateway 5 Later periods 5.1 Western Satraps 5.2 Guptas 5.3 Lion pillar No 26 5.4 Pillar 35 6 Sanchi and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara 7 Western rediscovery 8 Chetiyagiri Vihara and the Sacred Relics 9 Inscriptions 10 See also 11 References 12 Literature 13 External links | WIKI |
| [6] Its nucleus was a hemispherical brick structure built over the relics of the Buddha,[6] with a raised terrace encompassing its base, and a railing and stone umbrella on the summit, the chatra, a parasol-like structure symbolizing high rank. | WIKI |
| [25] For the first time, clearly Buddhist themes are represented, particularly the four events in the life of the Buddha that are: the Nativity, the Enlightenment, the First Sermon and the Decease. | WIKI |
| The Relics of Sariputra and Mahamoggallana, the disciples of the Buddha are said to have been placed in Stupa No. | WIKI |
| The reliefs show scenes from the life of the Buddha integrated with everyday events that would be familiar to the onlookers and so make it easier for them to understand the Buddhist creed as relevant to their lives. | WIKI |
| Devotees, both men and women, who donated money towards a sculpture would often choose their favourite scene from the life of the Buddha and then have their names inscribed on it. | WIKI |
| On these stone carvings the Buddha was never depicted as a human figure, due to aniconism in Buddhism. | WIKI |
| The human body was thought to be too confining for the Buddha. | WIKI |
| These are Buddhist moral tales relating edifying events of the former lives of the Buddha as he was still a Bodhisattva. | WIKI |
| Numerous miracles made by the Buddha are recorded. | WIKI |
| The miracle of the Buddha walking on water. | WIKI |
| Temptation of the Buddha[edit] | WIKI |
| Numerous scene refer to the temptation of the Buddha, when he was confronted with the seductive daughters of Mara and with his army of demons. | WIKI |
| Having resisted the temptations of Mara, the Buddha finds enlightenment. | WIKI |
| Temptation of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing. | WIKI |
| Enlightenment of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing. | WIKI |
| Temptation of the Buddha, with the Buddha on the left (symbolized by his throne only) surrounded by rejoicing devotees, Mara and his daughters (center), and the demons of Mara fleeing (right). | WIKI |
| After the death of the Buddha, the Mallas of Kushinagar wanted to keep his ashes, but the other kingdoms also wanting their part went to war and besieged the city of Kushinagar. | WIKI |
| "The King of the Mallas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara", right after the death of the Buddha, before the War itself. | WIKI |
| King Ashoka visits Ramagrama, to take relics of the Buddha from the Nagas, but he failed, the Nagas being too powerful. | WIKI |
| Ashoka went to Bodh Gaya to visit the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddha had his enlightenment, as described his Major Rock Edict No.8. | WIKI |
| Aniconism in Miracle at Kapilavastu: King Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air, praised by celestial beings (but only his path, the horizontal slab in the air, is visible). | WIKI |
| In all these scenes, the Buddha is never represented, being absent altogether even from scenes of his life where he is playing a central role: in the Miracle of the Buddha walking on the river Nairanjana he is just represented by his path on the water;[90] in the Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu, he walks in the air at the end of the procession, but his presence is only suggested by people turning their heads upward toward the symbol of his path. | WIKI |
| "The promenade of the Buddha", or Chankrama, used to depict the Buddha in motion in Buddhist aniconism. | WIKI |
| In one of the reliefs of the Miracle at Kapilavastu, King Suddhodana is seen praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air. | WIKI |
| The Buddha praised is praised by celestial beings, but only his path is visible in the form of a slab hanging in middle air, called a chankrama or "promenade". | WIKI |
| Otherwise, the presence of the Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne, as in the scene of Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha. | WIKI |
| [59] Similar scenes would later appear in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, but this time with representations of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| This anoconism is relation to the image of the Buddha could be in conformity with an ancient Buddhist prohibition against showing the Buddha himself in human form, known from the Sarvastivada vinaya (rules of the early Buddhist school of the Sarvastivada): ""Since it is not permitted to make an image of the Buddha's body, I pray that the Buddha will grant that I can make an image of the attendant Bodhisattva. | WIKI |
| The Buddha answered: "You may make an image of the Bodhisattava"". | WIKI |
| The gateways depict various scenes of the life of the Buddha, as well as events after his death, in particular the War of the Relics and the efforts of emperor Ashoka to spread the Buddhist faith. | WIKI |
| [93] The narrative friezes of this gateway put great emphasis on the relics of the Buddha, and on the role of Ashoka in spreading the Buddhist faith. | WIKI |
| King Ashoka visited Ramagrama, to take relics of the Buddha from the Nagas, but he failed, the Nagas being too powerful. | WIKI |
| After the death of the Buddha, his relics were originally divided into eight portions, and shared between eight princes. | WIKI |
| The tree on the extreme right is the pipal tree of Gautama Buddha and the one next to it is the banyan tree of Kasyapa Buddha. | WIKI |
| The Buddha died in Kushinagara, the capital of the Mallas, who initially tried to keep all the relics of the Buddha for themselves. | WIKI |
| The temple around the Bodhi Tree (the pipal tree beneath which the Buddha had attained enlightenment) was erected by Asoka himself. | WIKI |
| Ashoka is in grief as he saw the pipal tree of the Buddha being neglected by the jealous Queen Tishyarakshita. | WIKI |
| The numerous panels relate various events of the life of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Temptation of the Buddha with Mara and his daughters, and the demons of Mara fleeing. | WIKI |
| Towards the left end of the panel is the pipal tree at Bodh Gaya with an umbrella and streamers above, and, in front, the diamond throne (Vajrasana) of the Buddha, whereon he sat when he withstood the temptations and threats of Mara, the Satan of Buddhism, and when he attained to Buddhahood. | WIKI |
| [100] See also Mara's Defeat (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| The bottom of the pillar face has two footprints of the Buddha with a wheel of the Law on their sole. | WIKI |
| Top panel The Buddha in levitation performing the Miracle of Sravasti, Gandhara, 100-200 CE. | WIKI |
| Great Miracle at Sravasti (also called Mango Tree Miracle, when the Buddha walks in the air). | WIKI |
| In the center, a mango tree with the throne of the Buddha in front (the Buddha, of course, not being illustrated). | WIKI |
| Round the Buddha is a circle of his followers bringing garlands to the tree or in attitudes of adoration. | WIKI |
| It was beneath a mango tree that, according to the Pali texts, Buddha performed the great miracle at Sravasti, when he walked in the air, and flames broke from his shoulders and streams of water from his feet. | WIKI |
| [101] In the anthropomorphic (non-aniconic) Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, the Buddha would simply be shown in his human form, rising slightly in the air, with flames springing from his feet and water emanating from his shoulders. | WIKI |
| 2nd panel Jetavana of Sravasti, showing the three preferred residences of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| The Jetavana at Sravasti, showing the three favourite residences of the Buddha: the Gandhakuti, the Kosambakuti and the Karorikuti, with the throne of the Buddha in the front of each. | WIKI |
| The Jetavana garden was presented to the Buddha by the rich banker Anathapindika, who purchased it for as many gold pieces as would cover the surface of the ground. | WIKI |
| [101] 3rd panel Aerial promenade of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Presumably, the long band on top of the heads of devotees is the promenade the Buddha is walking on. | WIKI |
| [101] 4th panel Procession of King Prasenajit of Kosala leaving Sravasti to meet the Buddha. | WIKI |
| A royal procession issuing from a city gate, probably Prasenajit of Kosala going forth from Sravasti to meet the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Visit of Indra to the Buddha in the Indrasaila cave near Rajagriha. | WIKI |
| In front of the door is the throne which marks the presence of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| As the panel on this side of the pillar relates particularly to Rajagriha, it is probable that the King is either Bimbisara or Ajatasatru, on a visit to the Buddha at the Gridhrakuta Hill, and that the city is Rajagriha. | WIKI |
| [101]See also: Siddhartha and King Bimbasara (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| The Bamboo garden (Venuvana ) at Rajagriha, with the throne of the Buddha in the center and devotees around. | WIKI |
| [101] This event refers to a visit of King Bimbisara to the Buddha. | WIKI |
| [101] See also: The Buddha at the Bamboo Grove (in "The Life of Buddha") 4th panel Dvarapala guardian deity. | WIKI |
| Probably the dedication of a stupa, but it might also refer to the death (parinirvana) of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is here represented by his pipal tree and throne, to which devotees are doing obeisance. | WIKI |
| Suddhodana praying as his son the Buddha rises in the air, praised by celestial beings (only his path is visible). | WIKI |
| When Buddha returned to his native city of Kapilavastu, his father Suddhodana came forth with a royal retinue to meet him, and a question of etiquette arose as to which should salute the other first: the father, who was king, or the son, who had become the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Thereupon the Buddha solved the difficulty by walking miraculously in mid-air. | WIKI |
| Here, in the panel on the inner face, we see a banyan tree, and, in front of it, the throne symbolizing the Buddha; while suspended in the air above it is the chahkrama or promenade on which the Buddha used to take his exercise and which here symbolises that he is walking in the air. | WIKI |
| In the corresponding scene on the front face the Buddha is probably represented in this park with disciples (but invisible due to aniconism) and followers around him. | WIKI |
| Right pillar, Front face Top panel The same scene in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven at Sankissa. | WIKI |
| The descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, where Maya, his mother, had been reborn and whither he himself ascended to preach the Law to her. | WIKI |
| In the center of the relief is the miraculous ladder by which the Buddha descended, attended by Brahma and Indra. | WIKI |
| At the top of the ladder is the tree and throne of the Buddha with the gods on either side in an attitude of adoration. | WIKI |
| At the foot of the ladder the tree and throne are repeated with a trio of devotees on either side, indicating that the Buddha has returned again to earth. | WIKI |
| [104] 2nd panel The Great Departure of the Buddha from Kapilavastu. | WIKI |
| The scene is analogous to the scene of Buddha's departure from Kapilavastu on the East Gateway, but in that case there is no chariot, and in this case there is no umbrella above the horse to indicate the presence of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| However, a royal umbrella being held over an empty spot in the chariot would suggest the presence of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Alternatively, it could be King Suddhodana going forth from Kapilavastu to meet his son, the Buddha, on the occasion when he presented him with a park of mango trees. | WIKI |
| [104] See also Siddhartha Leaves His Father's Palace (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| 3rd panel Teaching the Sakyans: This panel may represent the Buddha teaching the Sakyans. | WIKI |
| When Buddha returned to his native city of Kapilavastu, his father Suddhodana came forth with a royal retinue to meet him, and the Buddha performed his Miracle of the Walk in the Air. | WIKI |
| In this scene, on the front face of the pillar, the Buddha is probably represented in this very park with disciples and followers around him. | WIKI |
| The Eastern Gateway describes historical events during the life of the Buddha, as well as several miracles performed by the Buddha. | WIKI |
| While the Buddha walks in the air, devotees are aligned and look upwards. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is not visible (aniconism), and only his path (chankrama) is, separating the panel horizontally in two parts. | WIKI |
| The illumination of the Buddha occurred here under the Bodhi Tree at Bodh Gaya, and Asoka built a Diamond throne at the location, as well as a temple to protect the Bodhi Tree within. | WIKI |
| 3rd panel Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairanjana. | WIKI |
| The Nairanjana river is shown in flood and Kasyapa accompanied by a disciple and a boatman are hastening in a boat to the rescue of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Then, in the lower part of the picture, the Buddha, represented by his promenade (chahbama), appears walking on the face of the waters, and in the foreground the figures of Kasyapa and his disciple are twice repeated, now on dry ground and doing homage to the Master (represented by the throne at the right hand, bottom corner). | WIKI |
| [106] Throughout, The Buddha is not visible (aniconism), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. | WIKI |
| [106] Bottom panel Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha, on a visit to the Buddha, here symbolized by his empty throne. | WIKI |
| [106] Left pillar, Inner face(This face is concerned with the miracles by which Buddha converted the Brahman Kasyapa and his disciples.) | WIKI |
| Top panel Visit of Indra and Brahma to the Buddha. | WIKI |
| The visit of Indra and Brahma to the Buddha takes place in the town of Uruvilva. | WIKI |
| Near the center of the panel is the throne indicating the presence of the Buddha, surmounted by the umbrella; behind it, Indra and Brahma standing in an attitude of adoration; in the background, the houses of Uruvilva and the people at their daily tasks. | WIKI |
| [106] 2nd panel Buddha tames the Naga at Uruvilva This panel is about the victory of the Buddha over the serpent in the fire chapel at Uruvilva. | WIKI |
| The Buddha obtained the permission of Kasyapa to pass the night in a fire chapel at his hermitage, which was inhabited by a fearsome Naga. | WIKI |
| In the middle of the panel is the fire temple with a fire altar in front and a throne indicating the presence of the Buddha within, while behind the throne is the five-headed Naga. | WIKI |
| In the story of Kasyapa's conversion it is related that, after the miracle of the fire temple, a sacrifice was prepared by the Brahmans, but the wood for the fire could not be split, the fire could not be made to burn, and the oblation could not be offered, until in each case the Buddha gave his consent. | WIKI |
| In the foreground, to the right, a Brahman ascetic has his axe raised to split the wood, but the axe will not descend until Buddha gives the word; then we see the axe driven home into the log. | WIKI |
| Similarly, a Brahman is engaged fanning the fire on an altar, but the fire will not burn until the Buddha permits it. | WIKI |
| Right pillar, Inner Face(This face of the pillar is devoted to scenes at Kapilavastu, the birthplace of Gautama) Top panel Homage of King Suddhodana to the Buddha. | WIKI |
| In the center, the tree and throne of the Buddha, with a group of worshipers around, including King Suddhodana, the father of the Buddha, who is standing immediately in front of the throne. | WIKI |
| See also Maya's Dream (in "The life of Buddha)". | WIKI |
| At the top is portrayed the dream of Maya, the mother of the Buddha, otherwise called the conception of the Bodhisattva. | WIKI |
| Then, at the bottom of the panel, is portrayed the miracle which Buddha performed on this occasion by walking in mid-air; and, in the extreme left hand bottom corner, is a banyan tree (nyagrodha) to signify the park of banyans which Suddhodana presented to his son. | WIKI |
| The Buddha walking in mid-air is represented, as on the Northern Gateway, by his promenade (chankrama); and suggested by the upturned faces of the king and his retinue as they gaze wonderingly on the miracle. | WIKI |
| Rear top architrave King of the Mallas bringing the relics of the Buddha to Kushinagara. | WIKI |
| After the death of the Buddha his relics were taken possession of by the Mallas of Kushinagara, whose chief is here depicted riding on an elephant and bearing the relics into the town of Kusinagara on his own head. | WIKI |
| [108] Rear bottom architrave Temptation of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing. | WIKI |
| This scene extends over the three sections of the architrave, In the center is the temple of Bodh Gaya with the pipal tree and the throne of the Buddha within; to the right, the armies of Mara fleeing discomfited from the Buddha; to the left, the devas celebrating the victory of the Buddha over the Evil One and exalting his glorious achievements. | WIKI |
| [108] See also: Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha") Pillar capitals Left Right The pillar capitals consist in groups of four Yakshas (tectonic deities) supporting the architraves. | WIKI |
| [108] Left pillar, Inner face Top panel Syama Jataka Syama, the Buddha in a previous life, was the only son of a blind hermit and his wife, whom he supports with devotion. | WIKI |
| The Buddha in a previous life was thus given as an example of filial piety. | WIKI |
| [109] 2nd panel Enlightenment of the Buddha with the Nagas rejoincing. | WIKI |
| The scene depicts the enlightenment (sambodhi ) of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| In the center is the throne of the Buddha beneath the pipal tree, which is being garlanded by angels (gandharvas); round about are the Nagas and Nagis celebrating the victory of the Buddha over Mara. | WIKI |
| [110]See also: Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| [111] Miraculous crossing of the Ganges by the Buddha when he left Rajagriha to visit Vaisali (partial remain). | WIKI |
| Only the upper part of this panel remains, but it appears to depict the miraculous crossing of the Ganges by the Buddha when he left Rajagriha to visit Vaisali. | WIKI |
| The panel is shown complete in Maisey's illustration in Sanchi and its remains (Plaque XXI)[111] [110]See also: The Buddha Instructs the Monks of Vaisali (in "The Life of Buddha") Right pillar, Inner Face Top panel Enlightenment of the Buddha with Mara's army fleeing. | WIKI |
| The enlightenment (sambodhi) of the Buddha. | WIKI |
| Towards the top of the panel is the pipal tree and the throne of the Buddha, and round them a throng of worshipers, men and women, gods and animals. | WIKI |
| [108]See also: Siddhartha Becomes the Buddha (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| Second panel The Gods entreating Buddha to preach. | WIKI |
| The gods entreating the Buddha to preach. | WIKI |
| The Buddhist scriptures tell us that after his enlightenment the Buddha hesitated to make known the truth to the world. | WIKI |
| It was when the Buddha was seated beneath the banyan tree (nyagrodha) shortly after his enlightenment, that this entreaty was made, and it is a banyan tree with the throne beneath that is depicted in this relief. | WIKI |
| [108]See also: The Buddha is Prepared to Preach the Doctrine (in "The Life of Buddha"). | WIKI |
| Devadatta, the jealous and wicked cousin of the Buddha, was in that life one of the monkeys and, thinking it a good chance to destroy his enemy, jumped on the Bodhisattva's back and broke his heart. | WIKI |
| In the center of the panel is the tree and throne of the Buddha, and round about the throne a company of gods standing upon clouds in attitudes of adoration. | WIKI |
| The Buddha, represented by his throne, beneath a flowery tree with hills and jungle around. | WIKI |
| Possibly the tree is the Rajayatana tree at Bodh Gaya, beneath which the Buddha sat shortly after his enlightenment. | WIKI |
| The figures in the foreground adoring the Buddha appear to be devas. | WIKI |
| The Buddha represented by the Dharmacakra. | WIKI |
| The Buddha represented by the Dharmacakra. | WIKI |
| Stupa representing a Buddha. | WIKI |
| Gupta period remains A Seated Buddha statue (Gupta temple). | WIKI |
| Buddha Statue (Great Stupa). | WIKI |
| Seated Buddha (Great Stupa). | WIKI |
| First, although many of the artistic themes remained the same (such as Maya's dream, The Great Departure, Mara's attacks...), many of the stories of the previous lives of the Buddha were replaced by the even more numerous stories about the Bodhisattvas of the Mahayana pantheon. | WIKI |
| [135] Second, another important difference is the treatment of the image of the Buddha: whereas the art of Sanchi, however detailed and sophisticated, is aniconic,[137] the art of Gandhara added illustrations of the Buddha as a man wearing Greek-style clothing to play a central role in its didactic reliefs. | WIKI |
| Sanchi and the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara Maya's dream The Great Departure Mara's attack Enlightenment The Buddha Preaching Sanchi(1st c. BCE/CE) Maya's dream of a white elephant. | WIKI |
| The Buddha, under the umbrella on the chariot, is not illustrated. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is symbolized by an empty throne. | WIKI |
| The Buddha in person leaves the city. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is illustrated centrally. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is illustrated centrally. | WIKI |
| The Buddha is illustrated centrally. | WIKI |