Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site' has mentioned 'Atoll' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Coral atoll in the Marshall Islands | WIKI |
| For the post-rock band, see Bikini Atoll (band). | WIKI |
| Atoll in Republic of the Marshall Islands | WIKI |
| Bikini Pikinni AtollAtollBikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| Two craters from Operation Castle can be seen on the northwest cape of the atoll, adjacent to Namu island. | WIKI |
| FlagNickname(s):xc2xa0KiliMap of the Marshall Islands showing BikiniMap of Bikini AtollBikiniLocation of Bikini AtollShow map of OceaniaBikiniBikini (Pacific Ocean)Show map of Pacific OceanCoordinates: 11xc2xb035xe2x80xb2N 165xc2xb023xe2x80xb2Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf11.583xc2xb0N 165.383xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 11.583; 165.383Coordinates: 11xc2xb035xe2x80xb2N 165xc2xb023xe2x80xb2Exefxbbxbf / xefxbbxbf11.583xc2xb0N 165.383xc2xb0Exefxbbxbf / 11.583; 165.383CountryRepublic of the Marshall IslandsAreaxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Land6xc2xa0km2 (2.3xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi)Populationxc2xa0xe2x80xa2xc2xa0Total5 caretakers[1]xc2xa0Population relocated in 1948 UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficialxc2xa0nameBikini Atoll Nuclear Test SiteCriteriaCultural: iv; viReference1339Inscription2010 (34th session) | WIKI |
| Bikini Location of Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean | WIKI |
| Bikini Atoll (/xcbx88bxc9xaakxc9xaaxcbx8cnixcbx90/ or /bxc9xaaxcbx88kixcbx90ni/; Marshallese: 'Pikinni', [pxcaxb2ixc9xa1innxcaxb2i], meaning "coconut place"),[2] sometimes known as Eschscholtz Atoll between the 1800s and 1946 (see Etymology section below for history and orthography of the endonym),[3] is a coral reef in the Marshall Islands consisting of 23 islands surrounding a 229.4-square-mile (594.1xc2xa0km2) central lagoon. | WIKI |
| After the Second World War, the atoll's inhabitants were relocated in 1946, after which the islands and lagoon were the site of 23 nuclear tests by the United States until 1958. | WIKI |
| The atoll is at the northern end of the Ralik Chain, approximately 530 miles (850xc2xa0km) northwest of the capital Majuro. | WIKI |
| The atoll is occasionally visited today by divers and a few scientists, and is occupied by a handful of caretakers. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Etymology 2 Culture 2.1 Clothing and dress 2.2 Land-based wealth 2.3 Language 3 Environment 3.1 Nuclear test site 3.2 Geography 3.3 Flora and fauna 3.4 Climate 4 Resident and non-resident population 5 Government 5.1 Local government 5.2 U.S. liaison 6 History 6.1 Christian missionaries arrive 6.2 Spanishxe2x80x93German Treaty of 1899 6.3 Japanese occupation 6.4 World War II 6.5 Residents relocated 6.5.1 Nuclear testing program 6.5.2 Strategic Trust Territory 6.5.3 Move to Kili Island 6.5.4 Failed resettlement 6.5.5 Return to Bikini Atoll 6.6 Relocation to Kili Island 7 Trust funds and failed claims 8 World Heritage Site 9 Visitor access 9.1 Bikini Lagoon diving 9.2 On-shore facilities 9.3 Live aboard diving program 9.4 Sportfishing 9.5 Shipwrecks 10 Current habitable state 11 In popular culture 11.1 Cinema 11.2 Television shows 11.3 Swimsuit design 12 Gallery 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Notes 14.2 Bibliography 15 External links | WIKI |
| The island's English name is derived from the German colonial name Bikini given to the atoll when it was part of German New Guinea. | WIKI |
| A woman named Liijabor from Likiep Island, Likiep Atoll in the Marshall Islands, wears a traditional nieded or clothing mat, c. 1918 | WIKI |
| Payments made in the 20th century as reparations for damage to the Bikini Atoll and the islanders' way of life have elevated their income relative to other Marshall Island residents. | WIKI |
| Vegetation on Bikini Atoll | WIKI |
| Bikini Atoll is part of the Ralik Chain (for "sunset chain") within the Marshall Islands. | WIKI |
| The United States detonated 23 nuclear devices between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites on the reef, inside the atoll, in the air, and underwater. | WIKI |
| Some 74 kilometers northwest of the atoll is Wxc5x8ddejebato, a probable shield volcano that is connected to it through a submarine ridge. | WIKI |
| There are 23 islands in the Bikini Atoll; the islands of Bokonijien, Aerokojlol, and Namu were vaporized during the nuclear tests. | WIKI |
| Animal life in the atoll was severely affected by the atomic bomb testing. | WIKI |
| As of 2008[update], the atoll had recovered nearly 65% of the biodiversity that existed prior to radioactive contamination, but 28 species of coral appear to be locally extinct. | WIKI |
| The temperature on Bikini Atoll is 80 to 85xc2xa0xc2xb0F (27 to 29xc2xa0xc2xb0C) year-round. | WIKI |
| The 167 residents, comprising about 40 families[19] who lived on the atoll, voluntarily moved to Rongerik Atoll, and then to Kwajalein Atoll, and once again in November 1948 to Kili Island, when the population numbered 184. | WIKI |
| In 1970, about 160 Bikini islanders returned to live on the atoll after they were reassured that it was safe. | WIKI |
| Of those, 81 were among those who left the atoll in 1946. | WIKI |
| [22] The resident population of the atoll is currently 4xe2x80x936 caretakers,[1][21] including Edward Maddison. | WIKI |
| [24] He is also the divemaster of Bikini Atoll Divers. | WIKI |
| The 24 electoral districts correspond roughly to each Marshall Islands atoll. | WIKI |
| The local government works with a U.S. paid Liaison Officer for Bikini Atoll Local Government, Jack Niedenthal, who is acting Bikini/Kili/Majuro Projects Manager. | WIKI |
| He is also the Tourism Operations Manager and oversees Bikini Atoll Divers. | WIKI |
| Human beings have inhabited the Bikini Atoll for about 3,600 years. | WIKI |
| Map of Bikini Atoll, taken from the 1893 map Schutzgebiet der Marshall Inseln, published in 1897. | WIKI |
| The first Westerner to see the atoll in the mid-1820s was the Baltic German captain and explorer Otto von Kotzebue, sailing in service of the Russian Empire. | WIKI |
| [32] He named the atoll Eschscholtz Atoll after Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, the naturalist of von Kotzebue's ship. | WIKI |
| [33] The Baltic Germans used the atoll to produce copra oil from coconuts, although contact with the native population was infrequent. | WIKI |
| The atoll's climate is drier than the more fertile southern Marshall Islands which produced more copra. | WIKI |
| 7 March 1946, 161 residents of Bikini Island board LST 1108 as they depart from Bikini Atoll | WIKI |
| The nuclear weapons testing at Bikini Atoll program was a series of 23 nuclear devices detonated by the United States between 1946 and 1958 at seven test sites. | WIKI |
| In February 1946, Navy Commodore Ben H. Wyatt, the military governor of the Marshall Islands, asked the 167 Micronesian inhabitants of the atoll to voluntarily and temporarily relocate so the United States government could begin testing atomic bombs for "the good of mankind and to end all world wars." | WIKI |
| They were transported 125 miles (201xc2xa0km) eastward on U.S. Navy landing ship 1108 to the uninhabited Rongerik Atoll,[39] which was one-sixth the size of Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| "[40] This was followed by a series of later tests that left the islands of the atoll contaminated with enough radioactivity, particularly caesium-137, to contaminate food grown in the soil. | WIKI |
| Despite the promise to "protect the inhabitants", from July 1946 through July 1947, the residents of Bikini Atoll were left alone on Rongerik Atoll and were starving for lack of food. | WIKI |
| The Navy then selected Ujelang Atoll for their temporary home and some young men from the Bikini Atoll population went ahead to begin constructing living accommodations. | WIKI |
| They decided to use Enewetak Atoll as a second nuclear weapons test site and relocated that atoll's residents to Ujelang Atoll instead and to the homes built for the Bikini Islanders. | WIKI |
| They soon learned they could no longer fish the way they had on Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| [41] Living on Kili Island effectively destroyed their culture that had been based on fishing and island-hopping canoe voyages to various islets around the Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| Return to Bikini Atoll[edit] | WIKI |
| In June 1968, based on scientific advice that the radiation levels were sufficiently reduced, President Lyndon B. Johnson promised the 540 Bikini Atoll family members living on Kili and other islands that they would be able to return to their home. | WIKI |
| The Atomic Energy Commission cleared radioactive debris from the island, and the U.S. Trust Territory was in charge of rebuilding structures and replanting crops on the atoll. | WIKI |
| But shortly afterward the Trust Territory ended regular air flights between Kwajalein Atoll and Bikini Atoll which seriously impeded progress. | WIKI |
| Urine samples from the islanders on Bikini Atoll showed low levels of plutonium-239 and plutonium-240. | WIKI |
| Later that year scientists discovered an 11-fold increase in the caesium-137 body burdens in all of the people living on the atoll. | WIKI |
| The Trust Territory decided that the islanders had to be evacuated from the atoll a second time. | WIKI |
| The Bikini Atoll Divers was established to provide income. | WIKI |
| In 1975, when the islanders who had returned to Bikini Atoll learned that it wasn't safe, they sued the United States for the first time, demanding a radiological study of the northern islands. | WIKI |
| Because the site bears direct tangible evidence of the nuclear tests conducted there amid the paradoxical tropical location, UNESCO determined that the atoll symbolizes the dawn of the nuclear age and named it a World Heritage Site on 3 August 2010. | WIKI |
| Bikini Atoll has conserved direct tangible evidence ... conveying the power of ... nuclear tests, i.e. | WIKI |
| Equivalent to 7,000 times the force of the Hiroshima bomb, the tests had major consequences on the geology and natural environment of Bikini Atoll and on the health of those who were exposed to radiation. | WIKI |
| Through its history, the atoll symbolises the dawn of the nuclear age, despite its paradoxical image of peace and of earthly paradise. | WIKI |
| Bikini Atoll is open to visitors aboard vessels that are completely self-sufficient if they obtain prior approval. | WIKI |
| [24] Because of the lingering contamination, all fruits and vegetables used for the Bikini Atoll dive and sport fishing operation were imported. | WIKI |
| In 2011, the local government licensed the live-aboard operator as the sole provider of dive expeditions on the nuclear ghost fleet at Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| In early 2017, Master Liveaboards announced they would add Bikini Atoll to their list of destinations for technical divers using their vessel Truk Master with trips to the site commencing in May 2018. | WIKI |
| Dive visitors receive a history lesson along with the dive experience, including movies and complete briefings about each of the ships, their respective histories, and a tour of the island and the atoll. | WIKI |
| [61] Only vessels that are fully self-contained who make prior arrangements can currently visit the atoll. | WIKI |
| Although the atomic blasts obliterated three islands and contaminated much of the atoll, after 50 years the coral reefs have largely recovered. | WIKI |
| Bikini Atoll Shipwrecks Map | WIKI |
| In 1998 an IAEA advisory group, formed in response to a request by the Government of the Marshall Islands for an independent international review of the radiological conditions at Bikini Atoll, recommended that Bikini Island should not be permanently resettled under the present radiological conditions. | WIKI |
| The Nickelodeon animated series SpongeBob SquarePants primarily takes place in Bikini Bottom, which is supposedly situated underneath the atoll[67][68] named after Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| xe2x80xb3Well, Bikini Bottom is kind of named after Bikini Atoll, you know, where they did nuclear testing decades ago. | WIKI |
| On 5 July 1946, four days after the first nuclear device (nicknamed Able) was detonated over the Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads,[71] Louis Rxc3xa9ard introduced a new swimsuit design named the bikini after the atoll. | WIKI |
| [74][76] Rxc3xa9ard hoped that his swimsuit's revealing style would create an "explosive commercial and cultural reaction" similar in intensity to the social reaction to 1946 nuclear explosion at Bikini Atoll. | WIKI |
| They choose Bikini Atoll in the Marshall archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. | UNESCO |
| This is reflected in the ecosystems and the terrestrial, marine and underwater landscapes of Bikini Atoll. | UNESCO |
| The nuclear tests changed the history of Bikini Atoll and the Marshall Islands, through the displacement of inhabitants, and the human irradiation and contamination caused by radionuclides produced by the tests. | UNESCO |
| The Bikini Atoll tests, and tests carried out in general during the Cold War, gave rise to a series of images and symbols of the nuclear era. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iv): Bikini Atoll is an outstanding example of a nuclear test site. | UNESCO |
| In the wake of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs, the Bikini Atoll site confirmed that mankind was entering a nuclear era. | UNESCO |