Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Archaeological Site of Troy' has mentioned 'Troy' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| For other uses, see Troy (disambiguation). | WIKI |
| Troyxcexa4xcfx81xcexbfxcexafxcexb1,Iaxcexb9xcexbfxcexbdEast tower and cul-de-sac wall before the east gate of Troy VI, considered the floruit of Bronze Age Troy. | WIKI |
| 13th century BC (Troy VI): 300,000 square metres (74 acres)[1]HeightThe unexcavated hill of Hisarlik was 31.2 metres (102xc2xa0ft) high, 38.5 metres (126xc2xa0ft) elevation. | WIKI |
| The city began as a citadel at the top, ended by covering the entire height to the south (the north being precipitous)[2]HistoryBuilderVarious peoples living in the region at different historical periodsMaterialNative limestone, wood, mudbrickFounded3500 BC from the start of Troy ZeroAbandonedMain periods of abandonment as a residential city:950 BC xe2x80x93 750 BC450 AD xe2x80x93 1200 AD1300 ADCulturesBronze Age (entire)Dark Age (partial)Classical and Hellenistic Periods (entire)Roman Empire (entire)Byzantine Empire (one century)Associatedxc2xa0withLuwian speakers in the Late Bronze Age, Greek speakers subsequentlySite notesArchaeologistsThe Calverts, Heinrich Schliemann, Wilhelm Dxc3xb6rpfeldCarl Blegen and the University of Cincinnati, Manfred Korfmann and the University of Txc3xbcbingen, Rxc3xbcstem Aslan of xc3x87anakkale Onsekiz Mart University (current)ConditionHigh authenticity, low degree of reconstructionOwnershipState property of the Turkish Republic through the Ministry of Culture and TourismManagementGeneral Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums in conjunction with other relevant local organizationsPublicxc2xa0accessRegular visiting hours, bus access, some parkingWebsiteUnesco WHS 849 UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameArchaeological Site of TroyTypeCulturalCriteria(ii)(iii)(vi)Designated1998 (22nd session)Referencexc2xa0no.849 | WIKI |
| The Troy ridge, 1880, sketched from the plain below. | WIKI |
| For much of Troy's archaeological history, the plain was an inlet of the sea, with Troy Ridge projecting into it, hence Korfmann's classification of it as a maritime city. | WIKI |
| Troy (Ancient Greek: xcexa4xcfx81xcexbfxcexafxcexb1, Troxc3xada, xe1xbcxbcxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd, xc4xaaxccx81lion or xe1xbcxbcxcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcfx82, xc4xaaxccx81lios; Latin: Troia, also xc4xaalium;[note 1] Hittite: xf0x92x8cxb7xf0x92x83xbexf0x92x87xbbxf0x92x8axad Wilusa or xf0x92x8bxabxf0x92x8ax92xf0x92x84xbfxf0x92x8axad Truwisa;[3][4] Turkish: Truva or Troya), also Ilium, was a city in the northwest of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), southwest of the xc3x87anakkale Strait, south of the mouth of the Dardanelles and northwest of Mount Ida. | WIKI |
| In modern scholarly nomenclature, the Ridge of Troy (including Hisarlik) borders the Plain of Troy, flat agricultural land, which conducts the lower Scamander River to the strait. | WIKI |
| Troy was the setting of the Trojan War described in the Greek Epic Cycle, in particular in the Iliad, one of the two epic poems attributed to Homer. | WIKI |
| According to archaeologist Manfred Korfmann, Troy's location near the Aegean Sea, as well as the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, made it a hub for military activities and trade, and the chief site of a culture that Korfmann calls the "Maritime Troja Culture", which extended over the region between these seas. | WIKI |
| Troy's physical location on Hisarlik was forgotten in antiquity, and, by the early modern era, even its existence as a Bronze Age city was questioned and held to be mythical or quasi-mythical. | WIKI |
| In 1822, the Scottish journalist Charles Maclaren was the first modern scholar to categorically identify Hisarlik as the likely location of Troy. | WIKI |
| [6][7] During the mid-19th century, the Calvert family, wealthy Levantine English emigrants living in Troad, inhabiting a working farm a few miles from Hisarlik, purchased much of the hill in the belief that it contained the ruins of Troy. | WIKI |
| A chance meeting with Calvert in xc3x87anakkale and a visit to the site by Heinrich Schliemann, a wealthy German businessman and archaeologist, also looking for Troy, offered a second opportunity for funding. | WIKI |
| [8] Schliemann had been at first skeptical about the identification of Hisarlik with Troy, but was persuaded by Calvert. | WIKI |
| Since the rediscovery of Troy, a village near the ruins named Tevfikiye has supported the archaeological site and the associated tourist trade. | WIKI |
| On modern maps, Ilium is shown a short distance inland from the Scamander estuary, across the Plain of Troy. | WIKI |
| Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 The name 2 Homeric Troy 3 Excavation history 3.1 The search for Troy 3.1.1 The Calverts 3.1.1.1 Charles Lander 3.1.1.2 Frederick Calvert 3.1.1.2.1 Calvert investments in the Troad 3.1.1.2.2 Crimean War debacle 3.1.1.2.3 The "Possidhon affair" and its aftermath 3.1.1.3 Frank Calvert 3.1.2 The Schliemanns 3.2 Modern excavations 3.2.1 Wilhelm Dxc3xb6rpfeld 3.2.2 University of Cincinnati 3.2.2.1 Carl Blegen 3.2.3 Korfmann 3.2.4 Becker 3.2.5 Recent developments 4 Site conservation 4.1 Troy Historical National Park 4.2 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.3 Troy Museum 5 Fortifications of the city 6 Prehistory of Troy 6.1 Table of layers 6.2 Troy Ixe2x80x93V 6.2.1 Schliemann's Troy II 6.3 Troy VI and VII 6.3.1 Calvert's Thousand-Year Gap 7 Historical Troy 7.1 Troy in Late Bronze Age Hittite and Egyptian records 7.2 The Trojan language question 7.3 Dark Age Troy 7.4 Classical and Hellenistic Troy (Troy VIII) 7.5 Roman Troy (Troy IX) 7.6 Ecclesiastical Troy in late antiquity 7.7 Modern ecclesiastical Troy 8 Alternative views 8.1 Unusual locations 8.2 Medieval legends 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Reference bibliography 13 Additional sources 13.1 General 13.2 Archaeological 13.3 Geographical 13.4 Concerning ecclesiastical history 13.5 Concerning legend 14 External links | WIKI |
| The naming conventions relating to the story of "Troy" are quite complex. | WIKI |
| Ilios was Latinized to Ilium, and Troas has been Anglicized to Troy. | WIKI |
| Some modern scholars believe Wilusa to have been Ilios (Troy), the W in earlier Greek having been lost after the Bronze Age. | WIKI |
| Homeric Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| Polyxena Sarcophagus in Troy Museum, named after the depiction of the sacrifice of Polyxena, the last act of the Greeks at Troy. | WIKI |
| Map of the Troad, including the site of Troy | WIKI |
| Homeric Troy refers primarily to the city described in the Iliad, one of the earliest literary works of the Western Canon. | WIKI |
| It covers the 10th year of a war against Troy conducted by a coalition of Achaean, or Greek, states under the leadership of a high king, Agamemnon of Mycenae. | WIKI |
| The city was defended by a coalition of states in the Dardanelles and West Anatolian region under another high king, Priam, whose capital was Troy. | WIKI |
| The cause of the war was the elopement of Agamemnon's brother's wife, Helen, with Paris, a prince of Troy. | WIKI |
| Troy was burned and the population slaughtered, although many had other fates. | WIKI |
| Besides the Iliad, there are references to Troy in the other major work attributed to Homer, the Odyssey, as well as in other ancient Greek literature (such as Aeschylus's Oresteia). | WIKI |
| The Homeric legend of Troy was elaborated by the Roman poet Virgil in his Aeneid. | WIKI |
| The fall of Troy with the story of the Trojan Horse and the sacrifice of Polyxena, Priam's youngest daughter, is the subject of a later Greek epic by Quintus Smyrnaeus ("Quintus of Smyrna"). | WIKI |
| The Greeks and Romans took for a fact the historicity of the Trojan War and the identity of Homeric Troy with a site in Anatolia on a peninsula called the Troad (Biga Peninsula). | WIKI |
| In Piri Reis book Kitab-xc4xb1 Bahriye (Book of the Sea, 1521) which details many ports and islands of the Mediterranean, the description of the island Tenedos mentions Troy and its ruins, lying on the shore opposite of the island. | WIKI |
| The city of Troy itself stood on a hill across the plain of Scamander where the battles of the Trojan War took place. | WIKI |
| Recent geological findings have permitted the identification of the ancient Trojan coastline, and the results largely confirm the accuracy of the Homeric geography of Troy. | WIKI |
| [18] They compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources, notably Strabo's Geographia, and concluded that there is a regular consistency between the location of Schliemann's Troy and other locations such as the Greek camp, the geological evidence, descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad. | WIKI |
| During the Greek Dark Ages that followed the fall of Troy, writing in Greece disappeared in the period between the abandonment of Linear B and the creation of the Greek alphabet. | WIKI |
| The search for Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| With the rise of critical history, Troy and the Trojan War were consigned to legend. | WIKI |
| Dissidents believing the Iliad, Odyssey, and other Greek texts recounting the Trojan War to be historical records were to become the first archaeologists at Troy. | WIKI |
| For centuries the true location of ancient Troy remained the subject of interest and speculation. | WIKI |
| Early modern travellers in the 16th and 17th centuries, including Pierre Belon and Pietro Della Valle, had identified Troy with Alexandria Troas, a ruined town approximately 20 kilometres (12xc2xa0mi) south of the currently accepted location. | WIKI |
| [6][7] In the second half of the 19th century archaeological excavation of the site believed to have been Homeric Troy began. | WIKI |
| "[38] The first purchase was a farm at Erenkxc3xb6y, on the coast about half-way between xc3x87anakkale and Troy. | WIKI |
| Frederick also bought a farm he intended to work, the Batak Farm (named for the Batak wetlands), later changed by Frank to Thymbra Farm, because he believed it was the site of Homeric Thymbra, after which the Thymbra Gate of Homeric Troy had been named. | WIKI |
| The house attracted a stream of distinguished visitors, each with a theory about the location of Troy. | WIKI |
| Due to the publicity skills of Heinrich Schliemann and the public discreditation of Frederick as a convicted felon, the contributions mainly of Frank to the excavation of Troy remained unknown and unappreciated until the end of the 20th century, when the Calverts became an object of special study. | WIKI |
| One is that Schliemann discovered Troy on land he had the foresight to purchase from the Calverts. | WIKI |
| To the contrary, it was Frank who convinced Frederick to purchase Hissarlik as the probable site of Troy, and Frank who convinced Schliemann that it was there, and to partner with him in its excavation. | WIKI |
| The British diplomat, considered a pioneer for the contributions he made to the archaeology of Troy, spent more than 60 years in the Troad (modern day Biga peninsula, Turkey) conducting field work. | WIKI |
| [69] As Calvert was a principal authority on field archaeology in the region, his findings supplied evidence that Homeric Troy might have existed on the hill, and played a major role in convincing Heinrich Schliemann to dig at Hisarlik. | WIKI |
| A divorced man in his 40s who had acquired some wealth as a merchant in Russia, he decided to use the wealth to follow his boyhood interest in finding and verifying the city of Troy. | WIKI |
| She was 17 at the time but together they excavated Troy, sparing no expense. | WIKI |
| He declared one of these citiesxe2x80x94at first Troy I, later Troy IIxe2x80x94to be the city of Troy, and this identification was widely accepted at that time. | WIKI |
| Subsequent archaeologists at the site were to revise the date upward; nevertheless, the main identification of Troy as the city of the Iliad, and the scheme of the layers, have been kept. | WIKI |
| Priam's Treasure, which Heinrich Schliemann claimed to have found at Troy | WIKI |
| Schliemann put this assemblage together from his first excavation site, which he thought to be the remains of Homeric Troy. | WIKI |
| However, the site that housed the treasure was later identified as Troy II, whereas Priam's Troy would most likely have been Troy VIIa (Blegen) or Troy VIi (Korfmann). | WIKI |
| His chief contribution was the detailing of Troy VI. | WIKI |
| In his research, Blegen came to a conclusion that Troy's nine levels could be further divided into forty-six sublevels,[71] which he published in his main report. | WIKI |
| In 1988, excavations were resumed by a team from the University of Txc3xbcbingen and the University of Cincinnati under the direction of Professor Manfred Korfmann, with Professor Brian Rose overseeing Post-Bronze Age (Greek, Roman, Byzantine) excavation along the coast of the Aegean Sea at the Bay of Troy. | WIKI |
| The question of Troy's status in the Bronze-Age world has been the subject of a sometimes acerbic debate between Korfmann and the Txc3xbcbingen historian Frank Kolb in 2001xe2x80x932002. | WIKI |
| Remains found in the ditch were dated to the late Bronze Age, the alleged time of Homeric Troy. | WIKI |
| The latter city has been dated by his team to about 1250xc2xa0BC, and it has been also suggestedxe2x80x94based on recent archeological evidence uncovered by Professor Manfred Korfmann's teamxe2x80x94that this was indeed the Homeric city of Troy. | WIKI |
| In his and his team's search, they discovered a "'burnt mudbrick wall' about 400 metres (1,300xc2xa0ft) south of the Troy VI fortress wall. | WIKI |
| "[75] After dating their find, it was deemed to have been from the late Bronze Age, which would put it either in Troy VI or early Troy VII. | WIKI |
| This discovery of an outer wall away from the tell proves that Troy could have housed many more inhabitants than Schliemann originally thought. | WIKI |
| The University's rector stated that "Pieces unearthed in Troy will contribute to xc3x87anakkalexe2x80x99s culture and tourism. | WIKI |
| Troy Historical National Park[edit] | WIKI |
| The west side of Troy Ridge. | WIKI |
| The Turkish government created the Historical National Park at Troy on September 30, 1996. | WIKI |
| It contains 136 square kilometres (53xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) to include Troy and its vicinity, centered on Troy. | WIKI |
| These latter were concentrated in the village of Tevfikiye, which shares Troy Ridge with Troy. | WIKI |
| The archaeological site of Troy was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1998. | WIKI |
| According to the UNESCO site on Troy, its historical significance was gained because the site displays some of the "first contact between...Anatolia and the Mediterranean world". | WIKI |
| Literary Troy was characterized by high walls and towers, summarized by the epithet "lofty Ilium. | WIKI |
| Schliemann's Troy fits this qualification very well. | WIKI |
| Hisarlik, the name of the hill on which Troy is situated, is a Turkish word meaning "the fortress. | WIKI |
| The walls of Troy, first erected in the Bronze Age between at least 3000 and 2600 BC, were its main defense, as is true of almost any ancient city of urban size. | WIKI |
| Whether Troy Zero featured walls is not yet known. | WIKI |
| The present-day walls of Troy, then, portray little of the ancient city's appearance, any more than bare foundations characterize a building. | WIKI |
| Foundations of the citadel fortifications Troy I tower and wall South gate wall and tower, Early Troy I through Middle Troy II[89] Troy IV wall Troy VI east tower Troy VI cul-de-sac at east gate Troy VI east tower and wall of cul-de-sac Troy VI wall on the left, Troy IX wall on right. | WIKI |
| It extends the east gate Troy VI wall on right Troy VI cul-de-sac | WIKI |
| Prehistory of Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| The layers of ruins in the citadel at Hisarlik are numbered Troy Ixc2xa0xe2x80x93 Troy IX, with various subdivisions. | WIKI |
| The Layers of Troy In this photograph, depicting "the Schliemann trench," different layers have been identified by sign for the convenience of the visitors. | WIKI |
| In a definitive work, Troy and the Trojans, he summarized the layers names and the dates he had adopted for them. | WIKI |
| The foreground shows foundations of Troy I houses. | WIKI |
| During the early Troy periods, nearly the entire plain was an inlet of the sea. | WIKI |
| Meanwhile, independent geoarchaeological research conducted by taking ground cores over a wide area of the Troad were demonstrating that, in the time of Troy I, "... the sea was right at the foot of 'Schliemann's Trench' during the earliest periods of Troja. | WIKI |
| "[92] A few thousand years earlier the ridge of Troy was partly surrounded by an inlet of the sea occupying the now agricultural area of the lower Scamander River. | WIKI |
| Troy was founded as an apparently maritime city on the shore of this inlet, which persisted throughout the early layers and was present to a lesser degree, farther away, subsequently. | WIKI |
| The harbor at Troy, however, was always small, shallow, and partially blocked by wetlands. | WIKI |
| The whole course of archaeological investigation at Troy has resulted in no single chronological table of layers. | WIKI |
| The table below concentrates on two systems of dates: Blegen's from Troy and the Trojans,[91][note 16] representing the last of the trend from Schliemann to the mid-20th century, and Korfmann's, from Troia in Light of New Research in the early years of the 21st century, after he had had a chance to establish a new trend and new excavations. | WIKI |
| Prior to Korfmann's excavations, the nine-layer model was considered comprehensive of all the material at Troy. | WIKI |
| There is no reason not to think that, in the areas he tested, Schliemann did find that Troy I was on virgin soil. | WIKI |
| Korfmann discovered a layer previous to Troy I under a gate to Troy II. | WIKI |
| The current director of excavation at Troy, Rxc3xbcstem Aslan, is calling it Troy 0 (zero). | WIKI |
| Troy 0 has been omitted from the table below, due to the uncertainty of its general status. | WIKI |
| Archaeologists at the site before Korfmann had thought that Troy I began with the Bronze Age at 3000 BC. | WIKI |
| Troy zero is before this date. | WIKI |
| So, until an agreed stratigraphy of Korfmannxe2x80x99s cycle is published, the employment of Troy as a yardstick for the whole of the Anatolian EBA remains problematic. | WIKI |
| For example, in Korfmann 2003, p.xc2xa031 Korfmann elaborates beyond the chronology of Cobet's table to make new proposals regarding the layer, Troy VIIa (which he also presents in the Guidebook): "Troia VIIa should be assigned culturally to Troia VI," asserting that "there were no substantial differences in the material culture between the two periods." | WIKI |
| He suggests that Dxc5x91rpfeld's classification of the material subsequently in VIIa as VIi should be restored, claiming that, regarding the details, Blegen had been "entirely in agreement" even though his chronology featured Troy VIIa. | WIKI |
| This new and yet unresolved material, including Troy Zero, may, however, be included in the sections and links below reporting on specific layers | WIKI |
| Korfmann also found that Troy IX was not the end of the settlements. | WIKI |
| As with Troy Zero, no conventional scholarly classification has been tested in the journals. | WIKI |
| The literature mentions Troy X, and even Troy XI, without solid definition. | WIKI |
| Layer Start(Blegen) Start(Korfmann) End(Blegen) End(Korfmann) General Period Troy I 3000 BC 2920 BC 2500 BC 2550 BC Western Anatolian EB 1 late Troy II 2500 BC 2550 BC 2200 BC 2250 BC Western Anatolian EB 2 Troy III 2200 BC 2250 BC 2050 BC 2100 BC Western Anatolian EB 3 early Troy IV 2050 BC 2100 BC 1900 BC 1900 BC Western Anatolian EB 3 middle Troy V 1900 BC 1900 BC 1800 BC 1700 BC Western Anatolian EB 3 late Troy VI 1800 BC 1700 BC 1300 BC 1300 BC West. | WIKI |
| MBA (Troy VI early)West. | WIKI |
| LBA (Troy VI middle and late) Troy VIIa 1300 BC 1300 BC 1260 BC 1190 BC Western Anatolian LBA Troy VIIb 1 1260 BC 1190 BC 1190 BC 1120 BC Western Anatolian LBA Troy VIIb 2 1190 BC 1120 BC 1100 BC 1020 BC Western Anatolian LBA Troy VIIb 3 1020 BC 950 BC Iron Age xe2x80x93 Dark Age Troy Troy VIII 700 BC 750 BC 85 BC Iron Age xe2x80x93 Classical and Hellenistic Troy Troy IX 85 BC 450 AD Iron Age xe2x80x93 Roman Troy | WIKI |
| Troy Ixe2x80x93V[edit] | WIKI |
| Cities to the east of Troy were destroyed, and although Troy was not burned, the next period shows a change of culture indicating a new people had taken over Troy. | WIKI |
| [86] Troy II doubled in size and had a lower town and the upper citadel, with the walls protecting the upper acropolis which housed the megaron-style palace for the king. | WIKI |
| [100] The second phase was destroyed by a large fire, but the Trojans rebuilt, creating a fortified citadel larger than Troy II, but which had smaller and more condensed houses, suggesting an economic decline. | WIKI |
| [86] This trend of making a larger circuit, or extent of the walls, continued with each rebuild, for Troy III, IV, and V. Therefore, even in the face of economic troubles, the walls remained as elaborate as before, indicating their focus on defense and protection. | WIKI |
| Schliemann's Troy II[edit] | WIKI |
| When Schliemann came across Troy II, in 1871, he believed he had found Homer's city. | WIKI |
| As Schliemann states in his publication Troja: "I have proved that in a remote antiquity there was in the plain of Troy a large city, destroyed of old by a fearful catastrophe, which had on the hill of Hisarlxc4xb1k only its Acropolis with its temples and a few other large edifices, southerly, and westerly direction on the site of the later Ilium; and that, consequently, this city answers perfectly to the Homeric description of the sacred site of Ilios. | WIKI |
| [103] This reference is incorrect because Priam lived nearly a thousand years after Troy II. | WIKI |
| Troy VI and VII[edit] | WIKI |
| Main article: Troy VII | WIKI |
| Troy VI and VII date to the Late Bronze Age, and are thus considered likely candidates for the Troy of Homer. | WIKI |
| Troy VI was a large and significant city, home to at least 5,000 people with foreign contacts in Anatolia and the Aegean. | WIKI |
| [104] Troy VI can be characterized by the construction of enormous pillars at the south gate, which serve no structural purpose. | WIKI |
| [105] Another characterizing feature of Troy VI are the tightly packed houses near the Citadel and construction of many cobble streets. | WIKI |
| Although only few homes could be uncovered, this is due to reconstruction of Troy VIIa over the tops of them. | WIKI |
| Researchers have debated the extent to which Troy VI was a major player in Bronze Age international trade. | WIKI |
| [107] xc2xa0 However, Troy is just north of most major long-distance trade routes and there is little direct evidence at the site itself. | WIKI |
| [107] Researchers have also debated the extent to which Troy VI was Anatolian-oriented or Aegean-oriented. | WIKI |
| [104] However, Mycenaean pottery has been found at Troy VI, showing that it did trade with the Greeks and the Aegean. | WIKI |
| Troy VI was destroyed around 1250 BC, probably by an earthquake. | WIKI |
| [100] The city was rebuilt as Troy VIIa, with most of the population moving within the walls of the citadel. | WIKI |
| [109] Excavating and periodizing these layers has proved difficult since Troy VII was built directly over Troy VI, often incorporating the foundations of it buildings. | WIKI |
| [110] Troy VIIa is an often cited candidate for the Troy of Homer, since there is evidence that it was destroyed deliberately in an act of war. | WIKI |
| Initially, the layers of Troy VI and VII were overlooked entirely, because Schliemann favoured the burnt city of Troy II. | WIKI |
| It was not until the need to close "Calvert's Thousand Year Gap" arosexe2x80x94from Dxc3xb6rpfeld's discovery of Troy VIxe2x80x94that archaeology turned away from Schliemann's Troy and began working towards finding Homeric Troy once more. | WIKI |
| Within the walls of this stratum (Troy VI), much Mycenaean pottery dating from Late Helladic (LH) periods III A and III B (c.xc2xa01400 xe2x80x93 c.xc2xa01200xc2xa0BC) was uncovered, suggesting a relation between the Trojans and Mycenaeans. | WIKI |
| Schliemann himself had conceded that Troy VI was more likely to be the Homeric city, but he never published anything stating so. | WIKI |
| [117] The only counter-argument, confirmed initially by Dxc3xb6rpfeld (who was as passionate as Schliemann about finding Troy), was that the city appeared to have been destroyed by an earthquake, not by men. | WIKI |
| [118] There was little doubt that this was the Troy of which the Mycenaeans would have known. | WIKI |
| Historical Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| The archaeologists of Troy concerned themselves mainly with prehistory; however, not all the archaeology performed there falls into the category of prehistoric archaeology. | WIKI |
| Troy VIII and Troy IX are dated to historical periods. | WIKI |
| In the Late Bronze Age, records mentioning Troy begin to appear in other cultures. | WIKI |
| Prehistoric Troy is also legendary Troy. | WIKI |
| Troy in Late Bronze Age Hittite and Egyptian records[edit] | WIKI |
| If Homeric Troy is not a fantasy woven in the 8th century by Greek oral poets passing on a tradition of innovating new poems at festivals, as most archaeologists hoped it was not, then the question must be asked, "what archaeological level represents Homeric Troy?" | WIKI |
| Only two credible answers are available, which are the same answer: Troy VIIa in the Blegen scheme,[120] identical to Troy VIi in the scheme suggested by Korfmann. | WIKI |
| This event is considered the start of Late Bronze Age Troy, and Homeric Troy is considered to be Late Bronze Age Troy. | WIKI |
| Coincidentally this is the very period referenced by Egyptian and Hittite records of Troy. | WIKI |
| [124] In 1280 BC a treaty between the reigning monarchs of the Hittite and Trojan states, Muwatalli II and Alaksandu of Wilusa respectively, invoked the water god, KASKAL_KUR, who was associated with an underground tunnel, adding weight to the theory that Wilusa is identical to archaeological Troy. | WIKI |
| Among the documents mentioning Troy is the Tawagalawa letter (CTH 181), which was found to document an unnamed Hittite king's correspondence to the king of the Ahhiyawa, referring to an earlier "Wilusa episode" involving hostility on the part of the Ahhiyawa. | WIKI |
| The identifications of Wilusa with Troy and of the Ahhiyawa with Homer's Achaeans remain somewhat controversial but gained enough popularity during the 1990s to be considered majority opinion. | WIKI |
| That agrees with metrical evidence in the Iliad that the name xe1xbexbdxcex99xcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd (Ilion) for Troy was formerly xcfx9cxcexb9xcexbbxcexb9xcexbfxcexbd (Wilion) with a digamma. | WIKI |
| From the time Troy was identified, the question of what language was spoken by the Trojans was prominent. | WIKI |
| Passages from the Iliad suggested that, not only were the Trojans not Greek, but the army defending Troy was composed of different language speakers arrayed by nationality. | WIKI |
| None, however, come from Troy. | WIKI |
| They were of persons kept in a servile capacity, from which the universal conclusion was that they were descended from slaves taken at Troy. | WIKI |
| The 1995 discovery of a Luwian biconvex seal at Troy sparked heated debate over the language that was spoken in Homeric Troy. | WIKI |
| Frank Starke of the University of Txc3xbcbingen argued that the name of Priam, king of Troy at the time of the Trojan War, is related to the Luwian compound Priimuua, which means "exceptionally courageous". | WIKI |
| Dark Age Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| In both Blegen and Korfmann, Homeric Troy ends at the end of Blegen's Troy VIIa, Korfmann's VIi, with the burning of the city, presumably by Achaeans. | WIKI |
| After a suitable interval of hiding somewhere else in the region, perhaps with the Dardanians, who were not defeated, but appeared as marauders among the sea peoples, or further inland with the Hittites, the Trojan remnants returned to Troy to rebuild Troy VIIb, which, according to Blegen, "... obviously represents a direct survival of the culture that prevailed in Troy VIIa. | WIKI |
| Troy VIIb2 begins contemporaneously with LHIIIC, but at about 1050 BC the last of IIIC disappears. | WIKI |
| The latter part of Troy IIIb2 sees the replacement of their pottery with wares, such as "Knobbed Ware," characteristic of the Balkan-Black Sea region. | WIKI |
| The Luwian seal presents a problem, as it is dated Troy VIIb2. | WIKI |
| If the seal is from early VIIb2, however, it can represent the last of the Luwian speakers at Troy. | WIKI |
| Blegen ends his tale of Troy VII with VIIb2 around 1100 BC. | WIKI |
| This would be the ethnical end of the Trojans at Troy by abandonment, but Blegen has a final suggestion. | WIKI |
| Troy VI was characterized by what Blegen calls "Grey Minyan Ware," now Anatolian Minyan ware. | WIKI |
| Korfmann created a new period for this event, Troy VIIb3, 1020-950 BC. | WIKI |
| A Greek colony arrived there to plant a new city about 750 BC, archaeological Troy VIII. | WIKI |
| As Homeric Troy had been called "sacred Ilium," Korfmann asserts that a temple district may have been maintained there during the apparent abandonment period, but whose is not known. | WIKI |
| Classical and Hellenistic Troy (Troy VIII)[edit] | WIKI |
| [note 24] During this period Ilion still lacked proper city walls except for the crumbling Troy VI fortifications around the citadel, and in 278 during the Gallic invasion the city was easily sacked. | WIKI |
| Roman Troy (Troy IX)[edit] | WIKI |
| Ecclesiastical Troy in late antiquity[edit] | WIKI |
| Modern ecclesiastical Troy[edit] | WIKI |
| A small minority of contemporary writers argue that Homeric Troy was not at the Hisarlik site, but elsewhere in Anatolia or outside itxe2x80x94e.g. | WIKI |
| In a later era, the heroes of Troy, both those noted in Homer and those invented for the purpose, often continued to appear in the origin stories of the nations of Early Medieval Europe. | WIKI |
| Likewise, Snorri Sturluson, in the prologue to his Icelandic Prose Edda, traced the genealogy of the ancestral figures in Norse mythology to characters appearing at Troy in Homer's epic, notably making Thor to be the son of Memnon. | WIKI |
| The Archaeological Site of Troy has 4,000 years of history. | UNESCO |
| Moreover, the siege of Troy by Mycenaean warriors from Greece in the 13th century B.C., immortalized by Homer in The Iliad, has inspired great artists throughout the world ever since. | UNESCO |
| Troy is located on the mound of Hisarlxc4xb1k, which overlooks the plain along the Turkish Aegean coast, 4.8 km from the southern entrance to the Dardanelles. | UNESCO |
| Throughout the centuries, Troy has acted as a cultural bridge between the Troas region and the Balkans, Anatolia, the Aegean and Black Sea regions through migration, occupation, trade and the transmission of knowledge. | UNESCO |
| Those archaeological remains date for the most part from Troy II and VI; however, a section of the earliest wall (Troy I) survives near the south gate of the first defences. | UNESCO |
| Several monuments, including the temple of Athena and the recently excavated sanctuary, are part of the Greek and Roman city of Ilion, at the site of Troy. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): The archaeological site of Troy is of immense significance in the understanding of the development of European civilization at a critical stage in its early development. | UNESCO |
| The role of Troy is of particular importance in documenting the relations between Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans, given its location at a point where the three cultures met. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (iii): The Archaeological Site of Troy bears witness to various civilizations that occupied the area for over 4,000 years. | UNESCO |
| Troy II and Troy VI provide characteristic examples of an ancient oriental city in an Aegean context, with a majestic fortified citadel enclosing palaces and administrative buildings, surrounded by an extensive fortified lower town. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (vi): The Archaeological Site of Troy is of exceptional cultural importance because of the profound influence it had on significant literary works such as Homerxe2x80x99s Illiad and Virgilxe2x80x99s Aeneid, and on the arts in general, over more than two millennia. | UNESCO |
| The 1968 Decree No 3925 of The Superior Council of Immovable Cultural and Natural Property, under the authority of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, designated the Archaeological Site of Troy as a historic site. | UNESCO |
| The Antique City of Troy was also registered as first-degree archaeological site and a conservation zone was created in 1981 by Decision No 12848 of The Supreme Council of the Immovable Ancient Objects and Monuments. | UNESCO |
| The limits of the Antique City of Troy have been defined by the 1995 decision No 2414 of the Edirne Conservation Council of Cultural and Natural Properties and were made to coincide with those of the World Heritage property. | UNESCO |
| With the Cabinet Decree No 8676 of 1996, the antique city of Troy and the surrounding landscape were inscribed as a xe2x80x9cNational Historical Parkxe2x80x9d. | UNESCO |
| To date, the majority of archaeologically relevant areas of Troy are owned by the State and thus protected by law. | UNESCO |