Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Angkor' has mentioned 'Angkor' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| AngkorUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationSiem Reap Province, CambodiaIncludesAngkor, Roluos, and Banteay SreiCriteriaCultural: i, ii, iii, ivReference668Inscription1992 (16th session)Endangered1992xe2x80x932004Area40,100 ha123 1 = Angkor, 2 = Banteay Srei, 3 = Roluos | WIKI |
| Angkor (Khmer: xe1x9exa2xe1x9ex84xe1x9fx92xe1x9ex82xe1x9ex9a pronounced [xcax94xc9x91xc5x8b.xcbx88kxc9x94xcbx90], lit. | WIKI |
| The word Angkor is derived from the Sanskrit nagara (xe0xa4xa8xe0xa4x97xe0xa4xb0), meaning "city". | WIKI |
| A Khmer rebellion against Siamese authority resulted in the 1431 sacking of Angkor by Ayutthaya, causing its population to migrate south to Longvek. | WIKI |
| The ruins of Angkor are located amid forests and farmland north of the Great Lake (Tonlxc3xa9 Sap) and south of the Kulen Hills, near modern-day Siem Reap city (13xc2xb024xe2x80xb2N, 103xc2xb051xe2x80xb2E), in Siem Reap Province. | WIKI |
| The temples of the Angkor area number over one thousand, ranging in scale from nondescript piles of brick rubble scattered through rice fields to the Angkor Wat, said to be the world's largest single religious monument. | WIKI |
| Many of the temples at Angkor have been restored, and together, they comprise the most significant site of Khmer architecture. | WIKI |
| In 2007, an international team of researchers using satellite photographs and other modern techniques concluded that Angkor had been the largest pre-industrial city in the world, with an elaborate infrastructure system connecting an urban sprawl of at least 1,000 square kilometres (390xc2xa0sqxc2xa0mi) to the well-known temples at its core. | WIKI |
| [4] Angkor is considered to be a "hydraulic city" because it had a complicated water management network, which was used for systematically stabilizing, storing, and dispersing water throughout the area. | WIKI |
| [4] Although the size of its population remains a topic of research and debate, newly identified agricultural systems in the Angkor area may have supported between 750,000 and one million people. | WIKI |
| Over the next 300 years, between 900 and 1200, the Khmer Empire produced some of the world's most magnificent architectural masterpieces in the area known as Angkor. | WIKI |
| Most are concentrated in an area approximately 15 miles (24xc2xa0km) east to west and 5 miles (8.0xc2xa0km) north to south, although the Angkor Archaeological Park, which administers the area, includes sites as far away as Kbal Spean, about 30 miles (48xc2xa0km) to the north. | WIKI |
| Because of the low-density and dispersed nature of the medieval Khmer settlement pattern, Angkor lacks a formal boundary, and its extent is therefore difficult to determine. | WIKI |
| Jayavarman oversaw the period of Angkor's most prolific construction, which included building of the well-known temples of Ta Prohm and Preah Khan, dedicating them to his parents. | WIKI |
| The year 1296 marked the arrival at Angkor of the Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan representing the Yuan dynasty. | WIKI |
| Together with the inscriptions that have been found on Angkorian stelae, temples and other monuments, and with the bas-reliefs at the Bayon and Angkor Wat, Zhou's journal is the most important source of information about everyday life at Angkor. | WIKI |
| Bas-reliefs of Angkor | WIKI |
| The end of the Angkorian period is generally set as 1431, the year Angkor was sacked and looted by Ayutthaya invaders, though the civilization already had been in decline in the 13th and 14th centuries. | WIKI |
| [13]:139xe2x80x93140[23]:236xe2x80x93237 During the course of the 15th century, nearly all of Angkor was abandoned, except for Angkor Wat, which remained a Buddhist shrine. | WIKI |
| Several theories have been advanced to account for the decline and abandonment of Angkor: | WIKI |
| Ongoing wars with the Siamese were already sapping the strength of Angkor at the time of Zhou Daguan toward the end of the 13th century. | WIKI |
| [24] After the collapse of Angkor in 1431, many statues were taken to the Ayutthaya capital of Ayutthaya in the west,[13]:139xe2x80x9340 while others departed for the new center of Khmer society at Longvek further south, though the official capital later moved, first to Oudong around 45 kilometres (28xc2xa0mi) from Phnom Penh in Ponhea Leu District, and then to the present site of Phnom Penh. | WIKI |
| Some scholars have connected the decline of Angkor with the conversion of the Khmer Empire to Theravada Buddhism following the reign of Jayavarman VII, arguing that this religious transition eroded the Hindu concept of kingship that underpinned the Angkorian civilization. | WIKI |
| [25] According to Angkor scholar George Coedxc3xa8s, Theravada Buddhism's denial of the ultimate reality of the individual served to sap the vitality of the royal personality cult which had provided the inspiration for the grand monuments of Angkor. | WIKI |
| According to Coedxc3xa8s, the weakening of Angkor's royal government by ongoing war and the erosion of the cult of the devaraja, undermined the government's ability to carry out important public works, such as the construction and maintenance of the waterways essential for irrigation of the rice fields upon which Angkor's large population depended for its sustenance. | WIKI |
| Other scholars attempting to account for the rapid decline and abandonment of Angkor have hypothesized natural disasters such as disease (Bubonic Plague), earthquakes, inundations, or drastic climate changes as the relevant agents of destruction. | WIKI |
| [30] LDEO dendrochronological research has established tree-ring chronologies indicating severe periods of drought across mainland Southeast Asia in the early 15th century, raising the possibility that Angkor's canals and reservoirs ran dry and ended expansion of available farmland. | WIKI |
| While Angkor was known to the local Khmer and was shown to European visitors; Henri Mouhot in 1860 and Anna Leonowens in 1865,[34] it remained cloaked by the forest until the end of the 19th century. | WIKI |
| In addition, scholars associated with the school including George Coedxc3xa8s, Maurice Glaize, Paul Mus, Philippe Stern and others initiated a program of historical scholarship and interpretation that is fundamental to the current understanding of Angkor. | WIKI |
| Work resumed after the end of the Cambodian Civil War and, since 1993, has been jointly co-ordinated by India, Germany, Japan and UNESCO through the International Co-ordinating Committee on the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC), while Cambodian work is carried out by the Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap (APSARA), created in 1995. | WIKI |
| International tourism to Angkor has increased significantly in recent years, with visitor numbers reaching around 2 million a year by 2014;[35] this poses additional conservation problems but has also provided financial assistance to the restoration effort. | WIKI |
| With the increased growth in tourism at Angkor, new hotels and restaurants are being built to accommodate such growth. | WIKI |
| This demand on the water table could undermine the stability of the sandy soils under the monuments at Angkor, leading to cracks, fissures and collapses. | WIKI |
| Looting has been an ever-growing threat to the Angkor archaeological landscape. | WIKI |
| According to APSARA, the official Cambodian agency charged with overseeing the management of Angkor, "vandalism has multiplied at a phenomenal rate, employing local populations to carry out the actual thefts, heavily armed intermediaries transport objects, often in tanks or armored personnel carriers, often for sale across the Cambodian border. | WIKI |
| The increasing number of tourists, around two million per year,[38] exerts pressure on the archaeological sites at Angkor by walking and climbing on the (mostly) sandstone monuments at Angkor. | WIKI |
| In sites such as Angkor, tourism is inevitable. | WIKI |
| Millions of people visit Angkor each year, making the management of this flow vital to the quickly decaying structures. | WIKI |
| Western tourism to Angkor began in the 1970s. | WIKI |
| [41] The sandstone monuments and Angkor are not made for this type of heightened tourism. | WIKI |
| Since 1992, UNESCO has moved towards conserving Angkor. | WIKI |
| Tourism is a vital part to the Cambodian economy, and shutting down parts of Angkor, the largest tourist destination in the country, is not an option. | WIKI |
| Historical Angkor was more than a site for religious art and architecture. | WIKI |
| Several religious movements contributed to the historical development of religion at Angkor: | WIKI |
| Indigenous religious cults mixed with Shaivism, including those centered on worship of the ancestors and of the lingam; A royal cult of personality, identifying the king with the deity, characteristic not only of Angkor, but of other Hindu civilizations in southeast Asia, such as Champa and Java; Hinduism, especially Shaivism, the form of Hinduism focused on the worship of Shiva and the lingam as the symbol of Shiva, but also Vaishnavism, the form of Hinduism focussed on the worship of Vishnu; Buddhism, in both its Mahayana and Theravada varieties. | WIKI |
| In the early days of Angkor, the worship of Vishnu was secondary to that of Shiva. | WIKI |
| [54] Furthermore, the turn to Vaishnavism did not abrogate the royal personality cult of Angkor. | WIKI |
| According to Angkor scholar Georges Coedxc3xa8s, "Angkor Wat is, if you like, a vaishnavite sanctuary, but the Vishnu venerated there was not the ancient Hindu deity nor even one of the deity's traditional incarnations, but the king Suryavarman II posthumously identified with Vishnu, consubstantial with him, residing in a mausoleum decorated with the graceful figures of apsaras just like Vishnu in his celestial palace. | WIKI |
| [59] Thus, Jayavarman was able to perpetuate the royal personality cult of Angkor, while identifying the divine component of the cult with the bodhisattva rather than with Shiva. | WIKI |
| When Chinese traveller Zhou Daguan came to Angkor in ADxc2xa01296, he found what he took to be three separate religious groups. | WIKI |
| During the course of the 13th century, Theravada Buddhism transmitted through the Mon kingdoms of Dvaravati and Haripunchai made its appearance at Angkor. | WIKI |
| [64] The practice of Theravada Buddhism at Angkor continues until this day. | WIKI |
| Satellite image and map of Angkor. | WIKI |
| The area of Angkor has many significant archaeological sites, including the following: Angkor Thom, Angkor Wat, Baksei Chamkrong, Banteay Kdei, Banteay Samrxc3xa9, Banteay Srei, Baphuon, the Bayon, Chau Say Tevoda, East Baray, East Mebon, Kbal Spean, the Khleangs, Krol Ko, Lolei, Neak Pean, Phimeanakas, Phnom Bakheng, Phnom Krom, Prasat Ak Yum, Prasat Kravan, Preah Khan, Preah Ko, Preah Palilay, Preah Pithu, Pre Rup, Spean Thma, Srah Srang, Ta Nei, Ta Prohm, Ta Som, Ta Keo, Terrace of the Elephants, Terrace of the Leper King, Thommanon, West Baray, West Mebon. | WIKI |
| Angkor (xe1x9exa2xe1x9ex84xe1x9fx92xe1x9ex82xe1x9ex9a) is a Khmer word meaning "city". | WIKI |
| Angkor, in Cambodiaxe2x80x99s northern province of Siem Reap, is one of the most important archaeological sites of Southeast Asia. | UNESCO |
| For several centuries Angkor, was the centre of the Khmer Kingdom. | UNESCO |
| Angkor is therefore a major site exemplifying cultural, religious and symbolic values, as well as containing high architectural, archaeological and artistic significance. | UNESCO |
| The park is inhabited, and many villages, some of whom the ancestors are dating back to the Angkor period are scattered throughout the park. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (i): The Angkor complex represents the entire range of Khmer art from the 9th to the 14th centuries, and includes a number of indisputable artistic masterpieces (e.g. | UNESCO |
| Criterion (ii): The influence of Khmer art as developed at Angkor was a profound one over much of South-east Asia and played a fundamental role in its distinctive evolution. | UNESCO |
| The Angkor complex encompasses all major architectural buildings and hydrological engineering systems from the Khmer period and most of these xe2x80x9cbaraysxe2x80x9d and canals still exist today. | UNESCO |
| Previous conservation and restoration works at Angkor between 1907 and 1992, especially by the xc3x89cole Franxc3xa7aise dxe2x80x99Extrxc3xaame-Orient (EFEO), the Archaeological Survey of India, the Polish conservation body PKZ, and the World Monuments Fund have had no significant impact on the overall authenticity of the monuments that make up the Angkor complex and do not obtrude upon the overall impression gained from individual monuments. | UNESCO |
| The property is legally protected by the Royal Decree on the Zoning of the Region of Siem Reap/Angkor adopted on 28 May 1994 and the Law on the protection of the natural and cultural heritage promulgated on 25 January 1996, the Royal Decree on the creation of the APSARA National Authority (Authority for the protection of the site and the management of the Angkor Region) adopted on 19 February 1995, the No. | UNESCO |
| 70 SSR government Decision, dated 16 September 2004 providing for landxe2x80x90use in the Angkor Park: xe2x80x9cAll lands located in zone 1 and 2 of the Angkor site are State propertiesxe2x80x9d, and the sub-decree No. | UNESCO |
| 50 ANK/BK on the organisation and functioning of the APSARA National Authority adopted on 9 May 2008, specifically provided for the establishment of a Department of Landxe2x80x90use and Habitat Management in the Angkor Park. | UNESCO |
| As off 1993, the ICC-Angkor (International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the historic site of Angkor) created on 13 October 1993, ensures the coordination of the successive scientific, restoration and conservation related projects, executed by the Royal Cambodian Government and its international partners. | UNESCO |
| Angkor is one of the largest archaeological sites in operation in the world. | UNESCO |
| The purpose is to associate the xe2x80x9cintangible culturexe2x80x9d to the enhancement of the monuments in order to sensitize the local population to the importance and necessity of its protection and preservation and assist in the development of the site as Angkor is a living heritage site where Khmer people in general, but especially the local population, are known to be particularly conservative with respect to ancestral traditions and where they adhere to a great number of archaic cultural practices that have disappeared elsewhere. | UNESCO |
| Moreover, the Angkor Archaeological Park is very rich in medicinal plants, used by the local population for treatment of diseases. | UNESCO |
| The management of the Angkor Site, which is inhabited, also takes into consideration the population living in the property by associating them to the tourist economic growth in order to strive for sustainable development and poverty reduction. | UNESCO |
| The Angkor Management Plan (AMP) and Community Development Participation Project (CDPP), a bilateral cooperation with the Government of New Zealand. | UNESCO |
| Preliminary analytical and planning work for the management strategy will take into account the necessity to preserve the special atmosphere of Angkor. | UNESCO |