Occurrence of Attributes in Original Text
The text related to the cultural heritage 'Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche' has mentioned 'Tikal' in the following places:
| Occurrence Sentence | Text Source |
|---|---|
| Throughout the Classic Period, Calakmul maintained an intense rivalry with the major city of Tikal to the south, and the political maneuverings of these two cities have been likened to a struggle between two Maya superpowers. | WIKI |
| Contents 1 Etymology 2 Location 3 Population and extent 4 Known rulers 5 Emblem Glyph 6 History 6.1 Calakmul vs. Tikal 6.2 Preclassic 6.3 Early Classic 6.4 Late Classic 6.4.1 War with Palenque 6.4.2 Rebellion at Naranjo 6.4.3 Apogee 6.4.3.1 Calakmul and Dos Pilas 6.4.4 Later kings 6.4.4.1 Calakmul and Quiriguxc3xa1 6.4.5 Collapse 6.5 Modern history 7 Site description 7.1 Water control 7.2 Causeways 7.3 Structures 7.4 Stelae, murals and ceramics 7.5 Royal burial 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links | WIKI |
| The Glyph is also found in more hieroglyphic texts than any other Emblem Glyph, including that of Tikal. | WIKI |
| Calakmul vs. Tikal[edit] | WIKI |
| The history of Classic Maya civilization was dominated by the rivalry between the opposed alliance networks of Calakmul and Tikal (pictured) | WIKI |
| The history of the Maya Classic period is dominated by the rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul, likened to a struggle between two Maya "superpowers". | WIKI |
| [23] Earlier times tended to be dominated by a single larger city and by the Early Classic Tikal was moving into this position after the dominance of El Mirador in the Late Preclassic and Nakbe in the Middle Preclassic. | WIKI |
| [24] However Calakmul was a rival city with equivalent resources that challenged the supremacy of Tikal and engaged in a strategy of surrounding it with its own network of allies. | WIKI |
| [25] From the second half of the 6th century AD through to the late 7th century Calakmul gained the upper hand although it failed to extinguish Tikal's power completely and Tikal was able to turn the tables on its great rival in a decisive battle that took place in AD 695. | WIKI |
| [26] Half a century later Tikal was able to gain major victories over Calakmul's most important allies. | WIKI |
| Calakmul's dynasty seems ultimately derived from the great Preclassic city of El Mirador while the dynasty of Tikal was profoundly affected by the intervention of the distant central Mexican metropolis of Teotihuacan. | WIKI |
| [27] With few exceptions, Tikal's monuments and those of its allies place great emphasis upon single male rulers while the monuments of Calakmul and its allies gave greater prominence to the female line and often the joint rule of king and queen. | WIKI |
| Both Calakmul and Tikal were sizeable Preclassic cities that survived into the Classic Period. | WIKI |
| By the middle of the 6th century AD Calakmul was assembling a far-reaching political alliance, activity that brought the city into conflict with the great city of Tikal. | WIKI |
| He became the overlord of the city of Caracol, to the south of Naranjo, which had previously been a vassal of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [3] In 562, according to a damaged text at Caracol, Sky Witness defeated Tikal itself and sacrificed its king Wak Chan K'awiil, thus ending his branch of the royal dynasty at Tikal. | WIKI |
| [3] This catastrophic defeat began a 130-year hiatus for Tikal, reflecting an extended period of dominance by Calakmul. | WIKI |
| In 629 Tikal had founded Dos Pilas in the Petexbatxc3xban region, some 110 kilometres (68xc2xa0mi) to its southwest, as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the Pasixc3xb3n River. | WIKI |
| [45] B'alaj Chan K'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four, in 635, and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother, the king of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [46] In AD 648 Calakmul attacked Dos Pilas and gained an overwhelming victory that included the death of a Tikal lord. | WIKI |
| [47] B'alaj Chan K'awiil was captured by Yuknoom Che'en II but, instead of being sacrificed, he was re-instated on his throne as a vassal of the Calakmul king,[48] and went on to attack Tikal in 657, forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak, the then king of Tikal, to temporarily abandon the city. | WIKI |
| The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the Mutal emblem glyph of Tikal, and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself. | WIKI |
| For some reason, B'alaj Chan K'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas. | WIKI |
| Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672, driving B'alaj Chan K'awiil into an exile that lasted five years. | WIKI |
| [49] Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies, such as El Peru, Dos Pilas and Caracol. | WIKI |
| [50] In 677 Calakmul counterattacked against Dos Pilas, driving Tikal out and reinstalled B'alaj Chan K'awiil on his throne. | WIKI |
| [47] In 679 Dos Pilas, probably aided by Calakmul, gained an important victory over Tikal, with a hieroglyphic description of the battle describing pools of blood and piles of heads. | WIKI |
| [51] The power of Calakmul extended as far as the north shore of Lake Petxc3xa9n Itzxc3xa1, where Motul de San Josxc3xa9 is recorded as its vassal in the 7th century, although it was traditionally aligned with Tikal. | WIKI |
| [53] However, the texts on sculpted monuments do not reveal the full complexity of diplomatic activity, as revealed by a painted ceramic vase from Tikal, which depicts an ambassador of Calakmul's king kneeling before the enthroned king of Tikal and delivering tribute. | WIKI |
| [54] It is unknown what happened to Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ak'; a stucco sculpture from Tikal shows a captive and the king is mentioned in the accompanying caption but it is not certain if the captive and the king are the same person. | WIKI |
| The next ruler of Calakmul, Split Earth, is mentioned on a pair of carved bones in the tomb of Tikal king Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. | WIKI |
| He was ruling by November 695 but it is not known if he was a legitimate member of the Calakmul dynasty or whether he was a pretender placed on the throne by Tikal. | WIKI |
| [56] A new defeat at the hands of Tikal is evidenced by a sculpted altar at that city, probably dating to sometime between 733 and 736, depicting a bound lord from Calakmul and possibly names Yuknoom Took' K'awiil. | WIKI |
| [60] This local act of rebellion appears to have been part of the larger political struggle between Tikal and Calakmul. | WIKI |
| In 736, only two years later, K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat received a visit from Wamaw K'awiil of Calakmul, while Copxc3xa1n was one of Tikal's oldest allies. | WIKI |
| This strongly suggests that Calakmul sponsored Quiriguxc3xa1's rebellion in order to weaken Tikal and to gain access to the rich trade route of the Motagua Valley. | WIKI |
| The alliance instead seems to have been one of mutual advantage: Calakmul managed to weaken a powerful ally of Tikal while Quiriguxc3xa1 gained its independence. | WIKI |
| [58] Calakmul's presence in the wider Maya area continued to wane, with two of the city's major allies suffering defeats at the hands of Tikal. | WIKI |
| [58] El Peru was defeated in 743 and Naranjo a year later and this resulted in the final collapse of Calakmul's once powerful alliance network, while Tikal underwent a resurgence in its power. | WIKI |
| [67] This was a process that paralleled events at Tikal. | WIKI |
| [7] Calakmul matches the great city of Tikal in size and estimated population, although the density of the city appears to have been greater than that city. | WIKI |